parasitology- host response, defensive mechanisms, parasitic zoonoses

-nasal

-oral

-cutaneous

-auditory

-ocular

-genitourinary (STDs)

-transplacental

-transovaric

what are the common routes of parasitic invasion?

because different organs provide different metabolic needs.

also, it can help them escape the immune response

why might parasites change location inside of the host?

first enters the body by another route, moves from the small intestine to the liver, and then to the biliary vessels of the liver

describe the migration of an entero-hepato-biliary parasite

oral

what is the most common route of infection of parasites?

worms: helminths and protozoa

what parasites most commonly infect hosts via the oral route?

1. active- do not need vector

2. passive- transported inside the host by a vector

what are the 2 methods of cutaneous invasion?

the parasite is transported completely inside of the host by a vector (ex- mosquito) through the skin

what is passive cutaneous invasion?

ticks and mange mites

what parasites invade the host cutaneously but without penetration?

the entire parasite does not pass through the skin and enter the body of the host, it only penetrates enough to reach the blood

what does it mean to invade the host cutaneously without penetration?

The whole body of the parasite crosses through all the layers of the skin of the host

what does it mean to invade the host cutaneously with penetration?

we ingest the larva, then it matures, they mate in the small intestine and pass the intestinal wall to access the circulatory system and end up in the muscles

what is the migratory route of entero-hematic-muscular parasites?

oral ingestion- small intestine- liver- circulatory system- lungs- trachea (promote coughing to access the esophagus)- esophagus- small intestine

(cycle is repeated)

what is the migratory route of entero-hepatic-pancreo-enteric parasites?

oral ingestion- liver- pancreas- intestine

what is the migratory route of entero-hepatic-pancreo-enteric parasites?

the parasite has migrated to a place that they should not be

what is an erratic migration?

-new/unsuitable host (trying to adapt)

-avoiding immune response

-new/wrong location

what are possible reasons of an erratic migration of a parasite?

-CNS

-eyes

-viscera

-skin

what body parts are most commonly affected by erratic migrations of parasites?

fecal elimination

what is the most common exit route of parasites?

-from GI tract

-from blood vessels that deposit into the intestine

-from trachealbronchial tree, parasite can promote coughing, which makes us swallow them and they travel to the esophagus

what 3 routes can parasites take to be excreted fecally?

it promotes coughing, where it will then be swallowed back into the esophagus, so it ends up in the digestive tract. it can then stay in the host or also it can exit with feces.

how can a parasite from the respiratory tract migrate to the digestive tract?

kidneys

parasites located in the _______ easily exit the body through urine

they are collected by a vector

how do parasites passively exit through the skin?

if the parasites are located in the mammary gland, they will enter to the baby through the milk

how can breastfeeding babies be infected by a parasite that was in their mother?

a disease shared by animals and humans

what is a zoonotic disease?