assesment

heart

The is a hollow, muscular, four-chambered organ.

It contracts _____ times in resting, healthy

adult.

60 – 100

4 to 5 liters

how many blood does the heart pump per minute

mediastinum

Located in between the lungs and above the

diaphragm in an area called

Base of the heart

uppermost portion ; lies behind the upper portion of the sternum; near the left 2nd ICS

Apex of the heart

lower portion; extends into the left thoracic cavity; near the left 5th ICS and left MCL.

Right side of the heart

pumps blood to the lungs for gas exchange (pulmonary circulation)

Left side of the heart

 pumps blood to all parts of the body (systemic circulation)

pulmonary circuit and systemic circuit

The blood vessels of the body are functionally divided into two distinctive circuits

Pulmonary Circuit

transports oxygen- poor blood from the right ventricle to the lungs, where blood picks up a new blood supply. Then it returns the oxygen-rich blood to the left atrium.

Systemic Circuit

provides the functional blood supply to all body tissue. It carries oxygen and nutrients to the cells and picks up carbon dioxide and waste products.

Superior and Inferior vena cava

return blood to the right atrium from the upper and lower torso respectively

Pulmonary artery

 exits the right ventricle, bifurcates and carries blood to the lungs

Pulmonary veins

return oxygenated blood to the left atrium

Aorta 

transports oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body

Right atria and Left atria

Two upper chambers

– Right ventricle

– Left ventricle

Two lower chambers

Septum 

a partition that separates the right side from the left side of the heart

Thin-walled atria

receive blood returning to the heart and pump blood into the ventricles

Thicker-walled ventricles 

pump blood out of the heart.

Atrioventricular (AV) valves

 Tricuspid valve and Bicuspid (Mitral) valve

Tricuspid valve 

between the right atrium and right ventricle

Bicuspid (Mitral) valve

between the left atrium and left ventricle

Semilunar valves

Pulmonic valve and Aortic valve

Pulmonic valve

located at the entrance of the pulmonary artery as it exits the right ventricle

 Aortic valve

located at the beginning of the ascending aorta as it exits the left ventricle.

Heart valves

one-way valves that directs the flow of blood in one direction only through the heart; and prevent regurgitation of blood from the ventricle to the atria

Pericardium 

a fibrous and serous membrane that attaches to the great vessels, and thereby surrounds the heart.

Neck Vessels

 Carotid Artery and Jugular Veins

Carotid Artery

located in the groove between the trachea and the right and left sternocleidomastoid muscles; carotid pulse is good for assessing the amplitude and contour of pulse wave

Internal JV 

 lie deep and medial to the sternocleidomastoid muscle.

External JV

more superficial; lie lateral to the sternocleidomastoid muscle and above the clavicle.

Cardiac Cycle

This refers to the filling and emptying of the heart’s chambers.

two phase of cardiac cycle

Diastole and Systole 

Diastole

 (relaxation of the ventricles filling)

Systole

(contraction of the ventricles; emptying)

by valve closure.

Heart sounds are produced

S1 (“lub”)

first heart sound is the result of closure of the AV valves; best heard at the apex; correlates with the beginning of systole; correlates with the carotid pulse

 S2 (“dubb”)

 second heart sound results from closure of semilunar valves and correlates with the beginning of diastole

S3

ventricular gallop ; heard early in diastole, after S2; heard best at the apex

S4

 atrial gallop ; heard late in diastole, just before S1; heard best in the mitral or tricuspid area

Murmurs

swooshing or blowing sound created by turbulence of blood flow

Pericardial Frictions Rubs

high-pitched grating sound, “leathery”; does not change with respiration