Blood Vessels and Circulation

Flashcards from Blood Vessels and Circulation Lecture Notes

Blood flows through the body via which two circuits?

Pulmonary and systemic circuits

The three layers of arteries and veins are __.

Tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica externa

The five general blood vessel classes are Arteries (), Arterioles, Capillaries, Venules, and Veins ().

Elastic, Muscular, Arterioles, Capillaries, Venules, Medium-sized Veins, and Large Veins

A typical capillary consists of __.

A tube of endothelial cells with a delicate basement membrane.

Two major types of capillaries are __.

Continuous and fenestrated capillaries

The fusion of collaterals before giving rise to arterioles is an example of __.

Arterial anastomosis

Mechanisms to maintain blood flow in veins against gravity include __.

Valves and Contraction of skeletal muscles

Venoconstriction is the __.

Contraction of smooth muscle fibers in veins

Cardiovascular regulation is accomplished by adjusting __.

Cardiac output and blood distribution within systemic and pulmonary circuits

Resistance is defined as the __.

Force that opposes movement

Blood pressure in veins is maintained by __.

Valves and Muscular compression of peripheral veins

Total peripheral resistance depends on what three factors __?

Vascular resistance, Viscosity, and Turbulence

Vascular resistance is __.

Opposition to blood flow in vessels

The amount of friction in vascular resistance depends on what two factors __?

Vessel length and Vessel diameter

Viscosity is defined as __.

Resistance to flow caused by interactions of solutes and suspended materials in a liquid

Turbulence is a __.

Type of fluid flow with eddies and swirls

Blood flow is to blood pressure and to peripheral resistance.

Directly proportional to blood pressure and Inversely proportional to peripheral resistance

Peak arterial pressure during ventricular systole is known as __.

Systolic pressure

Minimum arterial pressure during ventricular diastole is known as __.

Diastolic pressure

Pulse pressure is the __.

Difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

Mean arterial pressure (MAP) is calculated by __.

Adding 1/3 of pulse pressure to diastolic pressure

Capillary exchange involves a __.

Combination of diffusion, osmosis, and filtration

Diffusion is the __.

Net movement of substances from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration

Net filtration pressure (NFP) is the __.

Difference between capillary hydrostatic and blood colloid osmotic pressure

Two regulatory pathways for homeostatic mechanisms ensuring adequate tissue perfusion are Autoregulation and __.

Neural and endocrine control

Vasodilators are defined as __.

Local chemicals that increase blood flow

Central regulation involves neural mechanisms such as __.

Activation of cardioacceleratory center and Activation of vasomotor center

Baroreceptor reflexes __.

Respond to changes in blood pressure

Chemoreceptor reflexes __.

Respond to changes in blood and cerebrospinal fluid

Immediate hormonal response to low blood pressure involves the release of __.

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

During light exercise, three changes take place: __.

Vasodilation, increased venous return, and increased cardiac output

Umbilical arteries are defined as __.

Pair of arteries that carry blood from the fetus to the placenta

The umbilical vein __.

Carries blood from the placenta, bringing oxygen and nutrients

The ductus venosus is a __.

Vascular connection to veins within the liver

The foramen ovale __.

Allows blood to pass from right atrium to left atrium

The ductus arteriosus is a __.

Bypass between pulmonary trunk and aorta

Changes in circulation at birth occur due to __.

Expansion of the pulmonary blood vessels and resulting pressure changes

Fetal circulation congenital defects include __.

Ventricular septal defects, Patent foramen ovale, Patent ductus arteriosus, Tetralogy of Fallot, Atrioventricular septal defect, and Transposition of the great vessels