Chapter 26 - Reaction and Nationalism (Section 1)

Same as other chapters. This set is mainly about the Unification of Italy.

Nationalism = ?

The desire for national independence.

At the time of 1815, which foreign countries controlled major independent states in the Italian Peninsula?

* A French Bourbon monarch ruled the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.
* Austria controlled Lombardy.
* Venetia and the pope controlled the Papal States.

Risorgimento = ?

The name given to the movement for Italian unity; means “resurgence/revival” in Italian.

Young Italy = ?

A secret society formed by Mazzini with the goal of transforming Italy into an independent sovereign nation.

Nation-state = ?

A political organization consisting of one nationality rather than several nationalities.

What did Italian nationalists do in January of 1848 as a result of the revolutions in France and Austria?

They led a republican revolution within their respective states and got rulers of major Italian states to send them armies/aid.

In April of 1848, Pope Pius IX’s withdraw from the conflict with Austria did what?

Enabled Austria to defeat the army of Sardinia and reestablish its control over Lombardy and Venetia.

The events of 1848 caused many Italians to…

Lose faith in Mazzini’s revolutionary methods and turn to more conservative ideas stemming from their support of King Charles Albert \[the king of Sardinia who joined them in war\].

Cavour’s major goals included:

* The promotion of rapid industrial growth.
* The reduction of the Catholic Church’s influence.
* The advancement of Sardinia’s national interests in foreign affairs.

Who did Cavour support in the Crimean War?

France and Britain because he knew that Sardinia needed the aid of foreign powers to expel Austria and achieve Italian unification.

At *Plombiéres-Les-Bains*, what did Cavour and Napoleon III promise?

Napoleon III promised aid to Sardinia in expelling Austria should Sardinia find itself at war; Cavour promised Sardinia would give the provinces of Savoy and Nice to France in the event of an Italian-French victory over Austria.

When Napoleon III withdrew from Italy, without Cavour’s permission, what did he agree upon within the treaty with Emperor Francis Joseph?

Austria relinquished its claim over Lombardy but retained control of Venetia.

After Napoleon III withdrew, did the fighting stop?

Nope. The people residing in the remaining independent states overthrew their rulers and their new governments demanded the right to unite with Sardinia.

Put in simple words Garibaldi’s journey.

* 1830s: He was forced into exile in South America where he learned Guerilla Warfare.
* 1848: He returned to Italy and took part in Mazzini’s short-lived Roman Republic.
* 1848: When the Roman Republic fell apart, he fled to the U.S.
* 1860: He returned to Italy and collected volunteer soldiers.
* 1860: He freed Sicily and drove the King of the Two Sicilies from the Italian Peninsula.

Guerilla Warfare = ?

A method of warfare unsing hit-and-run tactics.

What was Garibaldi’s army called?

Garibaldi’s Red Shirts.

Whose forces defeated the papal army at *Castelfidaro* on September 18th, 1860?

Sardinia’s army did under the direction of Cavour.

The whole peninsula, with the exception of Rome and Venetia, was united under one government. *______ _____________* was now king of the newly created constitutional monarchy of Italy*.*

Victor Emmanuel II.

What was the economic anatomy of Italy post unification?

The south was poor and agricultural while the north had begun to industrialize.

Venetia became part of Italy through a military alliance with what country?

Prussia.

During the Franco-Prussian War, what did France do with their troops in Rome?

They withdrew, making it easier for Italian troops to overtake it.

When the national capital moved from _______ to ______, the political unification of Italy was finally complete.

Florence; Rome.