Chemistry and Astronomy

Flashcards for Chemistry and Astronomy

atoms

All matter is made of tiny particles called __.

proportions

Atoms combine in definite __ to form compounds.

cathode

The __ is the part of a device that the electricity flows into; the entrance.

anode

The __ is the part of a device that the electricity flows out from; the exit.

Rutherford

__ experimented with firing radiation through gold foil.

planetary

Rutherford’s __ model showed that the atoms must have a dense, positive nucleus, around which the electrons were in orbit.

Bohr

__ experimented with passing electricity through hydrogen gas.

electrons

__ are limited to only fixed regions called energy levels (where those farther from the nucleus had higher levels of energy)

Nucleon

__: the particles that make up the nucleus; 2 types.

Proton

A __ is a positively charged subatomic particle.

Neutron

A __ is a neutrally charged subatomic particle.

Electron

An __ is a negatively charged subatomic particle.

Strong

__ force: pulls together particles within the nucleus (p+ and n0).

Electromagnetic

__ force (EM): pulls together particles with opposite charges and repels particles with similar charges.

Atomic

__ Number (Z): the number of protons in the nucleus.

Mass

__ Number (A) : the number of protons + neutrons.

Isotope

__: different versions of the same element.

Mendeleev

__ organized his periodic table by increasing the atomic mass and having the elements listed vertically

Period

__ : classified as a row going across the periodic table (1-7).

Group

__: classified as a column going down on the periodic table (1-18).

Metal

__ : all of the elements on the left-hand side (except H).

Non-metal

__ : all of the elements on the right-hand side.

Transition metals

__ are found in the centre of the periodic table between metals and metalloids; a part of the metal family.

metals

The physical properties of __ are that they're solid, conductive and malleable + ductile.

octet

The typical reactions of group 1, 2, 17, and 18 elements are related to the __ rule.

Ionic

__ compounds are formed when metals react with non-metals

Diatomic

__ molecules are a group of non-metals that are able to naturally bond with themselves.

intermolecular force

A is the force between covalent compounds that attracts the molecules together

Water

__ is known ‘the universal solvent’ because its polarity (with both positive and negative charges).

ecliptic

The __ zodiac is the path that the Sun appears to travel across the sky.

Perihelion

__: when the Earth is the closest to the sun.

Aphelion

__: when the Earth is the farthest from the sun.

June, December

The solstices mark the point when the earth’s tilt is the most extreme; and .

equinoxes

The __ receive equal amounts of sunlight for both hemispheres, making the day and night an equal length of time; March and September.

terrestrial

Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars are classified as ____ planets because they all have rocky surfaces

gas giants

Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are classified as _ because they have no solid surface

Prograde

__ motion: the ordinary, eastward motion that the planets make relative to the background stars when observed from earth.

Retrograde

__ motion: the westward motion that planets seem to make relative to the background stars.

Meteors

__: rocky debris and broken fragments.

Comets

__: snow/ice and dust.

A meteor

___ is when meteoroids become meteors when they enter the earth’s atmosphere

A meteorite

is when meteors descend and burn, most are vaporized in the atmosphere; but if it survives, a landed meteor is called a meteorite

sand

The sun shrunk = orange, the earth = a grain of _.

photosphere

The is the surface of the sun and it is approximately 6000oC

solar winds

Auroras occur when _ collide with the earth’s atmosphere

Amplitude

is the height of a wave crest, measured in meters.

Wavelength

is the distance between 2 wave crests, measured in meters.

Frequency

__ is the number of waves passing a certain point in 1 second, measured in Hertz (Hz)

giants and supergiants

Stars are classified as ____ when they are brighter than the main sequence stars of the same temperature because they are larger

white dwarfs

Stars are classified as ____ when they are dimmer than the main sequence stars of the same temperature because they are smaller

third

The sun is a _ generation star.

Red

_ shifting occurs when a star or galaxy is receding from the Earth at a significant fraction of the speed of light

Blue

shifting occurs when a star or galaxy is approaching the Earth

friction

Charging by __ is caused when 2 materials are rubbed together and the electrons from the material with the weaker hold transfers to the material with the stronger hold

electrostatic

An __ series is a list of materials in order of their ability to attract electrons and it was made experimentally so it can differ

contact

Charging by __ takes place when a charged object touches a neutral object, and charge transfers between them; there is negative charging and positive charging

induction

Charging by __ takes place when a charged object approaches a neutral object, but no charge transfers between them; there is temporary and permanent induction

charge

Positive ground-to-cloud lightning is more dangerous because it carries more, lasts longer, and strikes farther.

anode, cathode, electrolyte

Every voltaic cell contains an __, a __, and an ___.

Potential

__ measures the amount of energy per unit of electrons

Current

__ measures the number of electrons flowing by in one second

Resistance

__measures a conductor's opposition to flow

resistance

The units for __ is the ohm (Ω) (1 Ω = 1 1V / 1 A)

Ammeters

__ must be connected in series to a circuit

Voltmeters

__ must be connected in parallel to a circuit

artificial ecosystems

__ are all man-made ex. crop field.

An ecosystem

__ consists of a biological community and its physical environment

Biotic factors

_: any living organism, ex. trees, animals.

Abiotic factors

__: any non-living organism, ex. light, soil and water quality, temperature.

unharmed

In commensalism, one organism provides resources to another, at no cost to itself. One organism benefits, other is __ (+, 0).

Decomposition

__is the process where decomposers, like fungi and bacteria, feed on plant and animal remains and return nitrate (NO3) and ammonium (NH4+) to the soil

phosphate

Rocks must be pushed up from underground, broken apart, and rained on, before their __ is released to the soil

Stomata

__ turns carbon dioxide into oxygen, which along with water, will be turned into glucose.

Trophic efficiency

is the trophic efficiency, which is when only 12% of energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next

an organism

Bioaccumulation is when plastics (or other toxins) accumulate in _ over time.

food chain

Biomagnification is when plastics (or other toxins) accumulate up the _.

greenhouse gas

Fossil fuel combustion releases carbon dioxide, a __ (a gas that traps heat)

nitrogen

In acid rain formation, fossil fuel combustion releases sulfur dioxide (SO2) and __ dioxide (NO2)