Chp 2: Cells, Tissues, and Organ Systems

anabolism

process of building up large proteins from small protein pieces called amino acids

catabolism

process whereby complex nutrients are broken down to simpler substances and energy is released

cell membrane

structure surrounding and protecting the cell; determines what enter and leaves the cell

chromosomes

rod-shaped structures in the nucleus that contain regions of DNA called genes

cytoplasm

all the material that is outside the nucleus and yet contained within the cell membrane

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid; chemical found within each chromosome

endoplasmic reticulum

network of canals within the cytoplasm of the cell; anabolism happens here

genes

regions of DNA within each chromosome

karyotype

picture (classification) of chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell.

metabolism

total of the chemical processes in a cell (catabolism + anabolism)

mitochondria

rod-shaped structures in the cytoplasm that provide the principal source of energy for the cell; catabolism occurs here

nucleus

control center of the cell; contains chromosomes and directs cell activity

ribosomes

small granules on the endoplasmic reticulum of a cell; arranges amino acids on the endoplasmic reticulum to make proteins

muscle cell

long and slender, containing fibers that aid in contracting/relaxing

epithelial cells

skin cells that cover the outside of the body and line the internal surfaces of organs

nerve cell

long with various fibrous extensions; carrying impulses

differentiation

specialization of cells from immature to mature forms

histologist

specialist in the study of tissues

histology

study of tissues

voluntary muscle

found in arms and legs; located where movement is under conscious control

involuntary muscle

found in heart and digestive system; allows movement that is not under conscious control

cardiac muscle

a specialized muscle found only in the hear

adipose

fat tissue

cartilage

flexible connective tissue often attached to bones at joints

viscera (singular: viscus)

internal organs in the main cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen

systems

groups of organs working together to perform complex functions

digestive system

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

urinary/excretory system

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

respiratory system

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes, lungs

female reproductive system

ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands

male reproductive system

testes, urethra, penis, prostate gland

endocrine system

thyroid gland(neck), pituitary gland, sex glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, parathyroid glands

nervous system

brain, spinal cord, nerves, and collections of nerves

circulatory system

heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nodes, spleen, thymus gland

musculoskeletal system

muscles, bones, and joints

skin and sense organs

skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous(oil) glands; eyes, ears, nose, tongue

larynx

voice box; located above the trachea

pharynx

throat; serves as the common passageway for food and air

pituitary gland

endocrine gland at the base of the brain

thyroid gland

endocrine gland that surrounds the trachea in the neck

trachea

windpipe (tube leading from the throat and larynx to the bronchial tubes)

ureter

one of the two tubes, each leading from a single kidney to urinary bladder

urethra

tube from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body

uterus

womb; the organ that holds the embryo/fetus as it develops