Menstruation cycle prototype 1

Define sexual reproduction

The fusion of the nuclei of the male and female gametes to form a zygote, producing a genetically different offspring

Is nucleus plural? or Nuclei plural

Nuclei,
nucleus is singular due to the s

Function of prostate gland

Releases fluid that contains nutrients and enzymes that are needed to activate the sperm cells

Testis

Produces sperm and male sex hormones such as testosterone

What is the function of a sperm duct

The pathway travelled by sperms after they are released

What is the function of the scrotum

Helps to maintain lower temp for health development of sperms

WHat is the function of urethra

Extends from the urinary bladder, through the penis to the outisde of the body where urine and semen are passed

What are acrosomes

They contain enzymes for breaking down the egg membrane for sperm penetration

What is the function of ovaries

To produce ovum (singular, plural OVA) , and female sex hormones such as oestrogen and progesterone

Oviduct

Duct where ova is deposited for fertilisation

WHat is the function of the uterus

The organ in which the fetus develops during pregnancy
(and then have muscles to contract to aid in releasing the fetus)

What does uterine lining do

It allows implantation of the embryo

What does cervix do

It is a ring of muscles that is enlarged during childbirth to allow the baby to pass
It allows blood to flow

What does vagina do

Deposit semen here

OVUM vs Sperm strucutre

Ovum is spherical, sperm has flagellum, head and middle piece
Ovum is immobile, sperm is mobile
1 Ovum is released every month, and the number of ovum is determined at childbirth
WHile numerous sperm is produced throughout the lifetime, and large number of them are discharged in ejaculation.

The menstrual cycle is..

the monthly discharge of blood , uterine lining and UNFERTILISED OVUM

The average length of a menstrual cycle is

28 days

What is ovulation

It is the release of an egg

What does oestrogen do

Helps to grow and repair the uterine lining

When does estrogen peak and when does ovulation occur

peak at 13 , release 1 then day 14 is ovulation

What is the function of progesterone

It maintains the thickness of uterine lining for possible implantations
AND PREVENTS OVULATION

Fertile period ranges from

day 10 to 15

Briefly describe how implantation occurs after fertilisation

The beating of the cilia lining of sweeps the zygote into the uterus, during the process the zygote divides by mitosis to form an embryo.
Implantation occurs when the embryo is successfully embedded in the uterine lining

After implantation, finger like projections called villi grow from the embryo into the uterine lining
The embryonic villi (from the embryo) and the uterine lining make up the placenta
The umbilical cord attaches the embryo to the placenta

Briefly describe how fertilisation even occurs

Acrosome breakdown the egg membrane → Sperm enter → Male gamete successfully fuse to form zygote → The membrane of the egg changes so that no other sperm can enter → remaining sperms die

The acrosome of the sperm releases enzymes that break down a portion of the egg membrane, allowing the sperm to enter. Once this occurs, only one sperm nucleus successfully enters the egg. The haploid sperm nucleus then fuses with the haploid egg nucleus to form a zygote. Immediately after fertilization, the egg membrane changes to prevent any other sperm from entering, while the remaining sperm that do not fertilize the ovum eventually die.

What does amniotic sac do **

Cushions and protects the fetus
Allows movement of the fetus, which promotes muscular development
It lubricates the birth canal during childbirth

NOT TEMPERATURE STUFF

Function of placenta **

Allows the diffusion of oxygen, glucose , amino acids , mineral salts and ANTIBODIES from maternal blood to fetal blood
Allows diffusion of metabolic waste products from the fetal blood to the maternal blood
IT PRODUCES ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE WHICH MAINTAINS THE UTERINE LINING FOR HEALTHY PREGNANCY

Why blood of mother is doesnt mix with blood from the child?

Mother’s blood pressure is much higher than that of the fetus, hence fetal blood vessels may rupture
The blood group of the child and the mother may be different → Agglutination
Pathogens and toxins are not directy entering the fetus bloodstream

How is Human Immunodeficiency caused.

Semen from an infected male
Vaginal fluid from an infected female
Blood from an infected person

How is and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome acquired?

From advancement of HIV

HOW TO PREVENT HIV OR AIDS ***

PRACTICE ABSTINENCE
USE A CONDOM
DO NOT SHARE PERSONAL CARE ITEMS SUCH AS RAZORS
DO NOT SHARE HYPODERMIC NEEDLES