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Descriptive Research
Purpose: To describe characteristics of a population or phenomenon.
Key Features:
No manipulation of variables
Collects data to describe "what exists"
Example: Surveying students about their study habits.
Correlational Research
Purpose: To determine if there is a relationship or association between two or more variables.
Key Features:
No manipulation of variables
Cannot establish cause-and-effect
Shows whether variables are related (positive, negative, or no correlation)
Example: Studying the relationship between screen time and sleep quality
Quasi-Experimental Research
Purpose: To examine cause-and-effect relationships, like an experiment, but without random assignment.
Key Features:
Manipulates the independent variable
Lacks random assignment of participants
Often used when randomization is not feasible (e.g., in schools or organizations)
Example: Testing a new teaching method in one classroom, while another classroom follows the usual method.
Descriptive-Comparative Research
Purpose: To compare two or more groups based on existing differences in a descriptive way.
Key Features:
No manipulation of variables
Compares groups to find differences
Often answers the question “How does Group A differ from Group B?”
Example: Comparing academic performance between male and female students.
