Genetic Engineering

transformation

when an organism accepts a bit of foreign DNA and is “transformed” to have new capabilities

DNA fingerprinting

laboratory technique used to determine the probable identity of a person based on the nucleotide sequences of certain regions of human DNA that are unique to individuals

sticky ends

When restriction enzyme cuts donor dna causing sticky ends at the end

Restriction Enzyme

cuts DNA at a particular place in a DNA sequence. Eco RI, BAM I, Hindi III. Eco Ri cuts between A and G bases

Mutagens

something that can bring about a mutation

Luciferase

enzyme in fireflies that makes them glow when oxygen comes in through the spiracle

Tobacco/firefly

Scientists put luciferase found in fireflies in tobacco leaves, and found out it made the leaves glow

Hybridization

the process of an animal or plant breeding with an individual of another species or variety

Hybrid

offspring of individuals with different forms or traints (Mule)

Hybrid Vigor

bring out the strongest traits of both species

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Cloning

used to make many copies of a single gene

Gel electrophoresis

is a technique used to match DNA samples

Interferon

blocks growth of viruss

Plasmid

is a small, additional bit of DNA in bacterial cells

Selective Breeding

picking and chasing desired traits

Recombinant DNA

an artificially made DNA strand that is formed by the combination of two or more gene sequences

Vector

Something used to move an object from one place to another (Plasmid)

Ian Wilmut

cloned Dolly. sheep 1997 Scotland

She was given adult genes, so it aged from that point.

Why did Dolly die early?

Linkage Map

low frequency of crossing over indicates 2 genes are on same chromosome and close together

Using Recombinant DNA to see results

How do you know if cell transformation is successful.

Cattle and Horses

What was the source of Diabetes, Pancreas, and Insulin before 1982.

Because it regulated blood glucose levels

Why were Diabetes, Pancreas, and Insulin important?

Transformed

Plants with natural insecticide

Old Crime Scene, and Fossil Evidence

2 examples when PCR is needed

To find out who the suspect was.

Why use DNA fingerprinting to solve crimes?

Because of side-effects

Why might vaccines be risky?

Step 1 of Genetic Engineering

Isolate a DNA sequence of something they wanted

Step 2 of Genetic Engineering

Restriction enzyme to open the DNA at a particular place

Step 3 of Genetic Engineering

Put donor dna and bacteria together

Step 4 of Genetic Engineering

Add into bacterial cell

Step 5 of Genetic Engineering

Clone and check for results

Nocturnal

Organisms active at night (Moth)

Diurnal

Organisms active during day (Butterfly)

Crepescular

Organisms active at twilight (Bats)

Sources of DNA evidence

Hair-complete with follicle, Saliva Samples, Blood, and Body Fluids Related to Reproduction

Human Growth Hormone (HGH)

it stimulates growth, cell reproduction, and cell regeneration in humans and other animals

Von Helmont

proposed that mice could arise from rags and wheat kernels left in an open container for 3 weeks

Spallanzani

found significant errors in the experiments conducted by Needham and, after trying several variations on them, disproved the theory of spontaneous generation.

Francisco Redi

experiment with meat and was trying to disprove spontaneous generation by using flies and maggots. One jar was completely open, the other was tightly shut, and the other had a cloth over the jar, gauze was used to close the jars.

Louis Pasteur

his experiment disproved the myth of spontaneous generation.experiment showed that a boiled nutrient broth did not give rise spontaneously to new life, but that if direct access to air was permitted, the broth decomposed, implying that small organisms (in modern terms, microbial spores) had fallen in and started to grow in the broth.

Abiogenesis

theory that life could originate from non-living things (Spontaneous Generation)

Biogenesis

life originates only from other living things

Germ Mutation

may or may not be in offspring but may be transmitted to fguture generations. Occurs in Reproductive Cells. (Hemophilia)

Somatic Mutation

Occurs in body cells. It will be present int he organism, however it is NOT transmitted to future generations. (HGH) and (Thalidimide Drug)

Selective Breeding

choosing the best of a species to be in the next generation

Eugenics

the science of improving the human race

Transgenic

contains foreign DNA

Inbreeding

mating between closely related species

Selective Breeding

In _____, only animals with desired characteristics breed to produce the next generation

Hybridization

Crossing dissimilar individuals with similar characteristics is called ____

Inbreeding

The continued breeding of individuals with similar characters is called _____

Polyploid

A plant with many sets of chromsomes is an example of a ______ organism

Genetic Engineering

Biologists change the DNA code of a living organism through ____

Restriction Enzyme

A _____ cuts DNA at a specific sequenc of nucleotides

Gel Electrophoresis

DNA fragments can be separated and analyzed by _____

Recombinant DNA

Through the process of _____, a gene from one organism can be combnined with a gene from another organism.

Polymerase Chain Reaction

A technique known as _____ is used to make many copies of a single gene

Plasmid

Inside the bacterium below is a small circular piece of DNA called a _____

Genetic Marker

A gene for antibiotic resistance may be used as a _____

Transgenic

A _____ organism contains genes from another organism

Clone

A _____ is a member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell