Human Body Systems and Anatomical Terminology

A complete set of study flashcards covering directional terminology, regional body terms, body systems, and levels of organization from the lecture notes.

How is the directional term "anterior" defined according to the notes?

In front of

How is the directional term "posterior" defined according to the notes?

Behind

How is the directional term "inferior" defined?

Below

How is the directional term "superior" defined?

Above

How is the directional term "medial" defined?

Towards the middle

How is the directional term "lateral" defined?

Towards the side

Which directional terms are specifically restricted to use only with limbs?

Distal and proximal

How is the directional term "distal" defined?

Further away from the point of attachment (only limbs)

How is the directional term "proximal" defined?

Closer to the point of attachment (only limbs)

How are "superficial" and "deep" defined in directional terminology?

Superficial means closer to the surface; deep means further away from the surface

How are the directional terms "ventral" and "dorsal" defined?

Ventral means closer to belly; dorsal means closer to spine

What structures comprise the Integumentary system and what are its main functions?

Skin; functions as an external body covering, protects tissue underneath, regulates body temp, and contains lots of nerve receptors

What structures make up the Skeletal system and what are its functions?

Cartilage and bones; protects and supports internal organs, provides attachment for muscles, makes blood cells, and stores minerals

What structure comprises the Muscular system and what are its functions?

Skeletal muscles; produces movement, maintains posture, and produces heat

What organs form the Nervous system and what is its primary role?

Brain, spinal cord, and nerves; acts as a fast-acting control system that responds to changes inside and outside the body, and activates muscles and glands

What is the main function of the Endocrine system?

Secretes hormones via glands to regulate growth, reproduction, and metabolism

What structures make up the Cardiovascular system and what are its functions?

Heart and blood vessels; transports materials in the body via blood pumped by the heart: oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients & wastes

What structures comprise the Lymphatic system and what are its main functions?

Lymph nodes and lymph vessels; acts as the "Immune System", returns fluids to blood vessels, and cleans the blood

What main organ is in the Respiratory system and what are its functions?

Lungs; gives oxygen to blood and removes carbon dioxide

What organs comprise the Digestive system and what are its functions?

Stomach and intestines; breaks down food, allows for nutrient absorption into blood, and eliminates indigestible material

What organs belong to the Urinary system and what are its main functions?

Kidney and bladder; eliminates nitrogenous wastes, maintains pH balance, and regulates water & electrolytes

What organs are listed for the Reproductive system and what is its function?

Testis and ovary; produces offspring

According to the notes on Levels of Organization, what percentage of the body is water?

$60\%$ of body is water

Which specific atoms are listed in the Levels of Organization notes?

Oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, calcium, potassium, sodium, and nitrogen

What body region is designated by the term "abdominal"?

Abdomen / stomach area

What body region is designated by the term "antecubital"?

Front of elbow

What body region is designated by the term "axillary"?

Armpit

What body region is designated by the term "brachial"?

Arm

What body region is designated by the term "buccal"?

Cheek

What body region is designated by the term "calcaneal"?

Heel

What body region is designated by the term "carpal"?

Wrist

What body region is designated by the term "cephalic"?

Head (entire head, front and back)

What body region is designated by the term "cervical"?

Neck

What body region is designated by the term "coxal"?

Hip

What body region is designated by the term "digital"?

Toes / phalanges

What body region is designated by the term "femoral"?

Thigh

What body region is designated by the term "gluteal"?

Butt

What body region is designated by the term "inguinal"?

Groin private area Kinda / where lower abdomen meets inner thighs

What body region is designated by the term "lumbar"?

Lower back / loins

What body region is designated by the term "nasal"?

Nose

What body region is designated by the term "occipital"?

Base of skull / towards back of head

What body region is designated by the term "olecranal"?

Back of elbow

What body region is designated by the term "oral"?

Mouth

What body region is designated by the term "orbital"?

Eye

What body region is designated by the term "patellar"?

Anterior surface of the knee / front of knee / knee cap

What body region is designated by the term "pelvic"?

Pelvis, base of trunk

What body region is designated by the term "popliteal"?

Back of knees

What body region is designated by the term "sacral"?

Tail bone

What body region is designated by the term "scapular"?

Shoulder blade

What body region is designated by the term "sternal"?

Breast bone

What body region is designated by the term "tarsal"?

Ankle

What body region is designated by the term "thoracic"?

Chest (front and back is chest)

What body region is designated by the term "umbilical"?

Belly button

What body region is designated by the term "vertebral"?

Spine