Unit 5.5 Treatment of Psychological Disorders Vocabulary

APA ethical principles for therapists

Psychologists in clinical or therapeutic situations must follow certain ethical principles as established by the APA, including:

nonmaleficence, fidelity, integrity, respect for people's rights and dignity

nonmaleficence

do no harm

fidelity

honor your commitments, maintain professional boundaries, and act responsibly in their professional relationship

integrity

be honest, truthful, and accurate

respect for people's rights & dignity

respect the autonomy, privacy, and confidentiality of their clients, and be mindful of cultural, individual, and role differences

psychodynamic therapies

views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and seeks to enhance self-insight

free association (a part of psychodynamic therapies)

a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

dream interpretation (a part of psychodynamic therapies)

a technique used in psychoanalysis in which the content of dreams is analyzed for disguised or symbolic wishes, meanings, and motivations

cognitive therapies

therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking

cognitive restructuring (a part of cognitive therapies)

a therapeutic process where individuals identify and challenge negative maladaptive thought patterns, and replace them with more positive and realistic ones

fear hierarchies (a part of cognitive therapies)

a ranked list of situations or objects that trigger fear or anxiety, starting with the least anxiety-provoking and progressing to the most challenging

the cognitive triad

Negative thoughts about oneself, the world, and the future.

applied behavior analysis

involves applying principles of conditioning to address mental disorders and developmental disabilities

exposure therapies (systematic desensitization) (a part of applied behavior analysis)

behavioral techniques that treat anxieties by exposing people to the things they fear and avoid

aversion therapies (a part of applied behavior analysis)

a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)

token economies (a part of applied behavior analysis)

an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token (a chip, stamp, or other non-monetary item) for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange tokens for privileges or treats

biofeedback (a part of applied behavior analysis)

uses principles of conditioning to help clients regulate body systems that contribute to feelings of anxiety or depression

(regulation of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)

cognitive-behavioral therapies

therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)

dialectical behavior therapy (a part of cognitive-behavioral therapies)

a type of cognitive therapy that focuses on teaching mindfulness, distress tolerance, emotional regulation, and interpersonal effectiveness

it combines elements of cognitive-behavioral therapy with mindfulness techniques

Rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT) (a part of cognitive-behavioral therapies)

a confrontational cognitive therapy, developed by Albert Ellis, that vigorously challenges people's illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions

Humanistic therapies

therapies that aim to boost people's self-fulfillment by helping them grow in self-awareness and self-acceptance

promoting growth, not curing illness, is the therapy focus

conscious thoughts are more important than the unconscious

-the present and future are more important than the past

Person/client-centered therapy (a part of Humanistic therapies)

a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within an accepting, genuine, empathetic environment to facilitate clients' growth

The therapist listens, without judging or interpreting, and refrains from directing the client toward certain insights

Also called person-centered therapy

Active listening (a part of Person-centered therapy)

empathetic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies

to Rogers, "hearing" was active listening. The client-centered therapist echoes, restates, and seeks clarification of what the person expresses (verbally or nonverbally) and acknowledges those expressed feelings

Unconditional positive regard (a part of Person-centered therapy)

a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients develop self-awareness and self-acceptance

Group vs. individual therapy

A comparison of therapy conducted in groups versus one-on-one sessions.

Group therapy provides benefits from group interaction

Benefits:

-helps more people and costs less per person than individual therapy

-learning that others have similar problems

-getting feedback on new ways of behaving

Hypnosis in therapy

Hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness that allows a person to be more open to suggestion but they don't lose their self control - in other words, they don't squawk like a chicken unless they want to squawk like a chicken.

hypnosis is ineffective in memory recovery

however, hypnosis has been proven to relieve pain and anxiety

Pain & anxiety reduction (a part of Hypnosis in therapy)

For pain - it influences the brain's perception of pain and potentially altering the emotional response to it

For anxiety - it eases them into a relaxed and calm state

biomedical therapies

From the biological perspective, biomedical therapies are another way to treat psychological disorders.

they include biological treatment like drugs that alter brain chemistry, surgery to the brain, and hypnosis

antidepressant drugs (a part of biomedical therapies)

drugs used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder

many work by increasing the availability of neurotransmitters, such as norepinephrine or serotonin

-elevate arousal and mood

these drugs are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors - SSRIs and they work by prolonging the time serotonin molecules remain in the brain's synapses

antianxiety drugs(a part of biomedical therapies)

drugs used to control anxiety and agitation

lithium (a part of biomedical therapies)

a mood-stabilizing drug that helps to control the manic, out-of-control feelings that often come with bipolar or other disorders

antipsychotic drugs (a part of biomedical therapies)

drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder

Long-term use of ______ can produce tardive dyskinesia, with involuntary movements of the facial muscles (such as grimacing), tongue, and limbs.

this drug acts as an antagonist for dopamine.

-this finding reinforces the idea that an overactive dopamine system contributes to schizophrenia.

tardive dyskinesia

Long-term use of antipsychotics can produce ______, with involuntary movements of the facial muscles (such as grimacing), tongue, and limbs.

psychosurgeries

surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior

Because its effects are irreversible, it is the most drastic and least-used biomedical intervention for changing behavior.

impacts are life changing and irreversible

lesioning (a part of psychosurgeries)

A psychosurgical technique that involves damaging specific brain areas to treat disorders.

lobotomy (a part of psychosurgeries)

a psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients

cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes with the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain

used to stimulate or suppress brain activity

no memory loss or other serious side effects

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient

A Journal of the American Medical Association editorial concluded that "the results of ECT in treating severe depression are among the most positive treatment effects in all of medicine"

-However they do suffer from headaches, nausea, confusion, muscle aches after