HAH unit 9

Richard Nixon

elected in 1968 and 1972; first president to step down (because of Watergate Scandal); took the U.S. off of gold standard; imposed a 90-day freeze on increasing prices and wages; tried to fight stagnant economy and high inflation; he was defensive and secretive

Gerald Ford

only president to not be elected (appointed by Nixon)(1972-1976) - Ford presided over the worst economy in the four decades since the Great Depression, with growing inflation and a recession. In one of his most controversial acts, he granted a presidential pardon to Nixon for his role in the Watergate scandal.

Jimmy Carter

peanut farmer, former governor; Americans lost faith in the Republican party; turned over Panama Canal; used moral diplomacy (human rights advocate); wanted peace in the Middle East; eased U.S.-Latin American relations; the first president to reduce taxes

Ronald Reagan

former Hollywood actor, the embodiment of an American success story, inspired hope - Reagan implemented "Reaganomics", which involved economic deregulation and cuts in both taxes and government spending during a period of stagflation. He escalated an arms race and transitioned Cold War policy away from détente with the Soviet Union.

Mikhail Gorbachev

New Soviet leader installed as chairman in March 1985 personal, energetic, imaginative, and committed to radical reforms in the Soviet Union. introduced two new policies, glasnost, and perestroika, to transform the country

Diaspora

forced dispersion of Jews from Israel/Holy Land

Zionism

(the belief that Jews should have a homeland; increased in strength and support after the Holocaust)

Oil Shock #1 - 1973 Embargo

Arab Middle East countries looked to punish the U.S. for its support of Israel in the Yom Kippur War. In late 1973 OPEC announced an embargo (that lasted 5 months) on oil shipments to the U.S. and several European allies supporting Israel. (refused to send oil)

OPEC

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries - co-ordinate and unify petroleum policies among Member Countries, in order to secure fair and stable prices for petroleum producers

Inflation

Prices of goods are increasing and value of dollar decreasing

Stagflation

stagnant economy (with rising unemployment) and increasing inflation (5% and growing)

Recession

period of temporary economic decline during which trade and industrial activity are reduced, generally identified by a fall in GDP in two successive quarters.

Contraction

when the economy declines

Deficit Spending

Spending more money than taking in in taxes

National Debt

the difference between government receipts and spending in a single year

GDP

Gross Domestic Product - value added created through the production of goods and services in a country during a certain period.

"WIN" - Whip Inflation Now

movement to combat inflation in the US, by encouraging personal savings and disciplined spending habits in combination with public measures, urged by U.S. President Gerald Ford

Environment Protection Agency (EPA)

organization by Nixon; in the news during Trump's election; Earth Day

Earth Day (1970)

International day of celebration and awareness of global environmental issues launched by conservationists on April 22, 1970

Affirmative Action

Nixon changes the meaning of it; increased role of fed government even though he was a Republican; LBJ created it to protected individuals, but Nixon made it about groups; hiring quota & reverse discrimination

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

full constitutional equality for women; first proposed in 1923, but never passed until 1972; antifeminists thought that this would undermine the American family & remove tradition

Roe v. Wade Supreme Court case

made it legal for women to have an abortion

Watergate

Scandal at Watergate Hotel where Nixon tried to hide wires in competitions office, got caught, led to the resignation

Reaganomics

reduced taxes, cut social spending, and government regulations, increased defense spending

Causes of the Reagan Recession, 1981

Because Regan is decreasing tax rate while the federal reserve is increasing interest rates to decrease inflation

Demand-side/Keynesian Economics v. Supply-side/Trickle-Down Economics

Supply-side economics is the theory that economic growth is best achieved through policies that encourage increased output or supply. Demand-side economics is the theory that economic growth is best achieved through the encouragement of greater demand for goods and services.

Federalism

a form of government in which power is divided between the federal, or national, government and the states

the new right

Concerns about cultural issues of abortion, pornography, homosexuality, feminism, and affirmative action

Title IX

a comprehensive federal law that prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex in any federally funded education program or activity.

Neocons

Neoconservatives, Leaders of the New Right ,Championed free-market capitalism, Formed in reaction to what they saw as excess of 1960s liberalism
Questioned liberal welfare programs and affirmative, action policies, Called for the reassertion of traditional values and individualism and the centrality of the family
Took harsh anti-Soviet positions on foreign policy

Yuppies

young, urban professionals, showcased the materialism and consumption of those that benefited from Reagan's policies

Star Wars/Strategic Defense Initiative

Proposed idea of a defence system that would shoot down atomic bombs and missiles.

Iran-Contra Affair

American diplomats secretly arranged arms sales to Iran in return for the Iranians' help in obtaining the release of an American hostage held by terrorists
in Lebanon. The money Iran paid for the weapons went to help the Contras in Nicaragua

Glasnost

meaning "openness" aimed to replace the secretive and repressive Soviet society by introducing free speech and some degree of political liberty

Perestroika

meaning "restructuring" intended to revive the struggling Soviet economy by adopting many of the free-market practices of the capitalist West

How did ideological, military, and economic concerns shape U.S. involvement in the Middle East?

Oil played a major economic factor in the U.S. becoming involved in the middle east. The threat of Iran nationalizing oiling made the U.S. concerned about potential Soviet use of the oil ( nuclear use or for weaponry) and the spread of communism. Great Britain also had large investments in Iranian oil, and being a good ally of America, wanted U.S. aid in stopping the nationalization.

What is the cause/s of tension between the Israelis and Palestinians?

They both claim the land belongs to them

How did Israel become a country?

In 1947 the UN decided to make some of the British controlled land Palestine into an independent Jewish State

What areas currently make up Palestine?

Gaza and pockets of settlements in the West Bank

How did Arabs increasingly take control of their valuable resource?

Their valuable resource is oil and through OPEC they controlled the output and distribution to the western world.

What were the domestic effects of the 1973 oil embargo?

Created a lot of tension within the American people because there were long lines for gas, there was no fuel for our trucks and trains to move goods across our country.

How did higher oil and gasoline prices contribute to both inflation and slow (or negative) growth?

Created a lot of tension within the American people because there were long lines for gas, there was no fuel for our trucks and trains to move goods across our country.

How did the 1970s economic crisis compare to the Great Depression and the Great Recession?

There was a large increase in unemployment, inflation (the price of goods), people could not pay their bills, the overall health of the economy was weak.

What caused the U.S. to search for alternative sources of energy?

We were tired of being dependent on the OPEC nations to supply our oil. We looked to develop other sources of energy: nuclear, coal, solar, wind, and hydroelectric (water).

How did the 1979 Iranian hostage situation affect Jimmy Carter's presidency?

The American people lost faith in Carter's leadership and inability to free the hostages. It occurred while he was running for re-election and the American people did not support him because of it.

How did new movements for civil rights and liberal efforts to expand the role of government generate a range of political and cultural responses?

New right formed w old right - protest liberal spending and protect taxpayer; Against roe v wade, gay rights, feminism and the south became republican bc of Civil Rights

In responding to social conditions and the African American civil rights movement, explain how a variety of movements emerged that focused on issues of identity, social justice, and the environment.

There was a dramatic increase in the push for African American and women's rights during the 1970s. As well as a realization that our environment was being negatively impacted by our world's industrialization and lack of pollution controls. These views generally conflicted with the more conservative views professed by the more conservative republican view of society.

Analyze the changes and continuities in the identity and roles of American women.

Women began to become more independent and working outside the home in the general workforce they still battled a dramatic wage difference versus men.

Why did public confidence and trust in the government's ability to solve social and economic problems decline in the 1970s in the wake of economic challenges, political scandals, and foreign policy crises?

Due to all of the crises going on in the world, there was distrust in the government's ability to address world issues, domestic social issues, and economic challenges during this time. It was believed that our government's leadership was not strong during the 70s.

Why does President Nixon resign from the office of the presidency?

President Nixon resigned because he would have been removed from office if he didn't resign because he was convicted of abuse of power from the watergate scenario.

What caused the Democratic to Republican political shift in the South?

Democrats were in support of equal rights

How were the roots of the Reagan Revolution planted in earlier decades, including the 1964 and 1968 elections?

Barry goldwater opened up minds about conservative thinking -- reactions to government power and spending

What caused an increase in government spending in the 1960s, and what was the political reaction?

Social spending- medicare, medicaid, head start
→ formation of New right opposing big spending
The government started spending more than it was taxing the people so the economy shifted and declined in the 70s

What caused an increase in government spending in the 1980s, and what effect did it (supposedly) have?

The Great Society and presidency goal of conquering poverty

Who/what is responsible for the end of the Cold War?

This is opinion-based. Some people say its Reagan, others say its the protests and movement, especially from people in foreign countries.

What are the legacies of Ronald Reagan?

1) Reaganomics
2) Restoring the federal system
3) Privatization
4) The American Court System
5) Rebuilding the military
6) His lesson on how to negotiate with Moscow
7) Reagan Doctrine
8) Ended the Brezhnev Doctrine
9) SDI - Strategic Defense Initiative
10) He re-ignited Americans' optimism

Phyllis Schlafly

a conservative activist, commentator, and author, led a successful campaign against the ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment in the 1970s.

oil shock #2 - iranian revolution

resulted in the toppling of the monarchy on February 11, 1979, and led to the establishment of an Islamic republic. - Iranian oil stopped flowing into the stream of world commerce creating shortages and increasing prices

Crisis in Confidence/Malaise" Speech

Carter chided American materialism and urged a communal spirit in the face of economic hardships - people did not like this