Occupational Therapy Essentials Review

Occupations (Definition)

Goal-directed pursuits that extend over time, have meaning, and involve multiple tasks.

Three Dimensions of Occupation

Form (structure/hobby vs. profession), Function (purpose/celebrate), and Meaning (subjective value/connection).

OTPF 9 Areas of Occupation

ADLs, IADLs, Health Management, Rest & Sleep, Education, Work, Play, Leisure, Social Participation.

Altruism (OT Core Value)

Demonstrating concern for the welfare and best interest of others through dedication and responsiveness.

Equality (OT Core Value)

Treating all individuals impartially and without bias, respecting diverse values, beliefs, and lifestyles.

Freedom (OT Core Value)

Paramount right of client autonomy, independence, and self-direction in personal choices.

Justice (OT Core Value)

Upholding moral and legal principles such as equity, truthfulness, and objectivity for all individuals.

Dignity (OT Core Value)

Valuing the inherent worth and uniqueness of every client through empathy and respect.

Truth (OT Core Value)

Providing accurate, authentic, honest, and accountable information in all forms of communication.

Prudence (OT Core Value)

Using clinical reasoning, judiciousness, discretion, and care to govern decisions and practice.

Founding of NSPOT / AOTA

Founded on March 15, 1917, in Clifton Springs, NY (later named AOTA).

Eleanor Clarke Slagle

OT founder who developed Habit Training and emphasized social work roots in therapy.

WWI Reconstruction Aides

Women trained to use crafts and activities to aid in wounded soldiers' physical and psychological recovery.

Mary Reilly's Quote (1962)

"Man, through the use of his hands as they are energized by mind and will, can influence the state of his own health."

Occupational Science Substrates

Form (structure), Function (purpose), and Meaning (subjective value).

Multidisciplinary Team Model

Professionals work independently within their own silos without collaborative goal-setting.

Interdisciplinary Team Model

Professionals collaborate with each other and the client to set joint goals and integrated plans.

Transdisciplinary Team Model

Team members share knowledge across disciplinary boundaries, blending role responsibilities.

6 Steps of Evidence-Based Practice (EBP)

1. Question 2. Search 3. Evaluate 4. Incorporate 5. Reflect 6. Share.

Ethics vs. Morality

Ethics is the systematic study and reflection on morality; Morality refers to social conventions about right/wrong.

Moral Distress

Occurs when a practitioner knows the right ethical action to take but external barriers prevent it.

Ethical Dilemma

A situation where two or more ethical obligations conflict, and satisfying both is impossible.

Utilitarianism

Ethical theory stating that the morally right action produces the greatest good or least harm.

Deontology

Duty-based ethical theory asserting that universal moral rules must always be followed regardless of outcomes.

Beneficence (Code of Ethics)

Principle requiring OT personnel to demonstrate concern for the well-being and safety of clients.

Nonmaleficence (Code of Ethics)

Principle requiring OT personnel to refrain from actions that cause harm to clients.

Autonomy (Code of Ethics)

Principle requiring respect for the client's right to self-determination, privacy, and consent.

Justice (Code of Ethics)

Principle requiring fair, equitable, and appropriate treatment and resource distribution for all.

Veracity (Code of Ethics)

Principle requiring comprehensive, accurate, and objective communication of information.

Fidelity (Code of Ethics)

Principle requiring treatment of colleagues and clients with respect, fairness, discretion, and integrity.

Social Determinants of Health (5 Domains)

Economic stability, Education access/quality, Healthcare access/quality, Neighborhood/environment, Social/community context.

Model of Practice (MOP) vs. Frame of Reference (FOR)

MOP structures overall OT thinking/practice; FOR provides specific assessment and intervention strategies based on theory.

CO-OP Approach (4 Objectives)

1. Skill acquisition 2. Strategy use 3. Generalization 4. Transfer.

Ecology of Human Performance (EHP)

Model emphasizing that context is the primary determinant of human performance; context and person are inseparable.

Person-Environment-Occupation (PEO) Model

Model focusing on the dynamic transactional fit between Person, Environment, and Occupation across the lifespan.

Occupational Adaptation (OA) Model

Model where the client is the agent of change, constantly responding adaptively to internal and environmental demands.

MOHO Volition Components

Personal Causation (capacity and efficacy), Values (meaningful activities), and Interests (enjoyment).

MOHO Habituation Components

Habits (learned routines) and Roles (socially recognized identities/positions).

MOHO Dimensions of Doing

1. Occupational Participation (broadest) 2. Occupational Performance (discrete acts) 3. Occupational Skill (observable actions).

MOHO Stages of Change

1. Exploration 2. Competency 3. Achievement.

Kawa Model

OT model using a river metaphor to represent life flow, assets, barriers, and occupations.

Types of Clinical Reasoning

Scientific, Diagnostic, Procedural, Narrative, Pragmatic, Ethical, Interactive, and Conditional reasoning.

Biomechanical Frame of Reference

Focuses on physical capacity, range of motion, strength, and endurance for performance.

Rehabilitation Frame of Reference

Focuses on independence through adaptation, compensation, and environmental modification.

OT Process (3 Core Phases)

Evaluation (profile and analysis), Intervention (plan, implementation, review), and Outcomes.

Therapeutic Use of Self

Practitioner's deliberate use of personality, insights, perceptions, and judgments as part of the therapeutic process.

Activity Analysis

Process of addressing the required demands, properties, and components of an activity to understand its therapeutic potential.

Intentional Relationship Model (IRM)

Framework explaining how the interpersonal relationship between client and therapist impacts occupational engagement.

OTPF Contexts

Environmental factors and personal factors that influence client performance and engagement in occupations.

Occupational Injustice

Situations where individuals are deprived of, restricted in, or denied engagement in meaningful occupations.

OTPF Performance Skills

Motor skills, process skills, and social interaction skills observed during activity performance.

Occupational Profile

Summary of client history, experiences, daily living patterns, interests, values, and occupational needs.

Grading an Activity

Sequentially increasing or decreasing activity demands to facilitate optimal performance and adaptation.

Adapting an Activity

Modifying aspects of the activity or environment to enable participation despite functional limitations.

Occupational Deprivation

State of prolonged preclusion from engagement in occupations due to external circumstances outside individual control.