Lecture 6: Integration of Metabolism and Nutrition (VOCABULARY Flashcards)

Vocabulary flashcards covering metabolism, nutrition, diabetes, energy balance, and vitamins/minerals from the lecture notes.

Insulin

An anabolic peptide hormone produced by pancreatic beta cells of the Islets of Langerhans of the Pancreas; two chains (A and B) with inter- and intra-disulfide bonds;

C-Peptide

Connects to the A and B chains that indicate the half-life of Insulin

Glucagon

Catabolic peptide hormone from pancreatic alpha cells of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans

Insulin Metabolic Efect on Carbs Metabolism

Promotes Storage
Stimulates Glucose Intake
Stimulates Glycogenesis
Inhibits Gluconeogenesis

Insulin Effect on Lipid Metabolism

Inhibits Lipolysis
inhibits Ketonegensis
Promotes transport and metobolism of gluclose into adipoctyes, providing G3P for Tag Synthesis

Insulin Effect on Protein Metabolism

Stimulates entry of Amino Acids into cells and protein synthesis

GLUT-4

Insulin-dependent glucose transporter in adipose tissue and muscle;

Where is Glut 2 found

Pancreatic B-cells and liver

Adipose tissue

Fat storage tissue; stores energy as triglycerides and releases fatty acids via lipolysis; site of LPL activity.

Muscle

Tissue that takes up glucose, stores glycogen, and uses fatty acids, especially during fasting.

Brain

Glucose-demanding organ that can use ketone bodies during fasting.

Insulin Induced Hypoglycemia

Occurs after receiving insulin treatment.
Treatments include:

Oral administration when youre conscious
Injection: when youre UNconscious

Absorptive state

Well-fed state in which insulin dominates and nutrients are STORED(glycogen, fat, protein).
Glycogen: Liver and Brain
Fat: : Liver, and Adipodcytes
Protein:Liver and Muscles

Fasting State

Liver breakdown Fatty acid → Acetyl CoA → Ketone Bodies, but has no enzyme to break it and also Glycogen to deliever energy to the brain

Adipocytes break down triglycerides to release fatty acids into the bloodstream for the liver

Muscle: Protein is broken down and Ketone bodies are delivered to be broken down

Sources of Energy for the Brain during Fasting state

Glucose is first then Ketone Bodies

Hypoglycemia

Having Low blood glucose levels

Adrenergic Hypoglycemia

Abrupt Low Levels of glucose with more mild symptoms

Neuroglycopenic Hypoglycemia

Gradual Decline of Blood Glucose Level that has a lower drop level compared to adrenegic Hypoglycermia (more severe)

Reactive Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia occurring 2-4 hours after a meal, often due to an exaggerated insulin response.

Alcohol-Related Hypoglycemia

Metabolism of Ethanol decreases production of glucose through gluconeogenesis because Alcohol Dehydrogenase, which breaks down Ethanol to Acetalhyde, releases lots of NADH which promotes Pyruvate to Lactate

Disulfiram

Used to treat alcoholism because it inhibits production of NADH

Type 1 Diabetes

Insulin is non-producing
Frequently undernourished
Moderate Risk of getting it from family (genetic Predispoition
The frequency of Ketosis is more common because insulin inhibits the break down of Fats which leads to more fatty acid and more acetyl-coA → Ketone Bodies

Can’t take drugs orally for treatment and Insulin is always necesscary

Type 2 Diabetes

A metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance (cells don't respond effectively to insulin)

More Common
More Obese
Extreme Genetic Predispostion, if your family has it youre more likely to have it
Insuline in Blood is high early in diesease and low to absent when you grow older
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycermic State where we have lots of glucose in the blood because it isnt taken up into the cell

Type 2 can be Type 1

Diabetes Diagnosis Criteria

Based on HbA1C levels (based on life of RBC)
Normal < 5.7%
Prediabetes 5.7% - 6.4%
Diabetes: 6.5% or higher

Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) (Fasting blood glucose level)

Normal < 100 mg/dl
Prediabetes 100-125 mg/Dl
Diabetes \ge 126 mg/dL,


Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) (2 hours) (how well cells take up glucose)

Normal: < 140 mg/dl
Prediabetes 140-199 mg/dl
Diabetes \ge 200

Diabetes Management: Diet

Focuses on balanced macronutrient intake, consistent carbohydrate timing, whole foods, and limiting added sugars to maintain stable blood glucose levels.

Diabetes Management: Exercise

Regular physical activity improves insulin sensitivity, helps control blood glucose, and aids in weight management; balancing exercise with insulin/medication is key to prevent hypoglycemia.

Nutrient Composition in the Body

1. Water

2. Fat (women have more)

3. Carbohydrates (men have more)

Energy Content of Food

Carbs: 4 kcal/g
Protein 4 kcal/g
Fat 9 kcal/g (most dense)
Alcohol 7 kcal/g (not a nutrient)

What does 1 kCal =?

1 Food calories = 4.2 kilojoules

Major Minerals

Ca P K NA Cl Mg and S (6 of them) > 100 mg/Day

Milk Salt Bananas and Sulfur and Phosphorus

Trace Minerals

Zn I Cu Mo Fe Se Cr F Mn (9) < 100mg/day

Zombies Ingest Canned Meat For Simple Carefree Meals

Fat Solubles Vitamins

ADEK
Vitamin A D E K

Water Soluble Vitamins

B1 B2 B3 B5 B6 B7 B9 B12 and Vitamin C

How much Energy in Kcal/kg/day should adults consume to maintain body weight

Sedentary adults: 30 kcal/kg/day
Mod, Active : 35 kcal/kg/day
Very Active: 40 kcal/kg/day

Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR)

Energy Expended in resting, post absorptive state (uses lots of energy)

Macronutrients % intake for Adults

Carbs 45-65%
Fats 20-35%
Protein 10-35%

Leading Causes of Death

1. Heart Disease (significantly higher)

2. Cancer

Conversion for Energy Balance (Energy in = Energy Out)

1 pound fat = 3500 kCalories

For each 3500 kcalories eaten excess 1lb of fat is gained

Body fat is about 87% with some protein and water

ex. If we had an excess of 9kCal of food what percentage is of fat
1 pound = 454 g

454 g × 9 Kcal = 4086 kcal so approximatel gained.
4086 × 87% = Percentage of Fat
13% * 4086 = Percentage of Protein and H2O

BMI

Body Mass Index

BMI= weight (kg)
height (m)²

Range of BMI

Healthy Weight BMI: 18.5-24.9

> 24.9-29.9 is Overweight
>30 is Obese
<18.5 is Underweight

Important information that describes dieases risk missing from weight only

Where the fat is located
how much of the weight is fat

How much of Body weight should be fat?

Young Men 22%
Men Over 40: 25%

Young Women: 32%
Women Over 40: 35%

Keep Fat below these levels

Leptin

Hormone from adipose tissue that promotes negative energy balance by suppressing appetite and increasing energy expenditure

Leptin resistance

Condition in which high leptin levels fail to suppress appetite or increase energy expenditure, Higher in obesity.

Adiponectin

improves insulin sensitivity and has anti-inflammatory. Lean people have higher amount. Lower in obesity

Anorexia Nervosa

Eating disorder characterized by excessive weight loss, fear of gaining weight, and distorted body image.

Bulimia Nervosa

An eating disorder marked by binge eating followed by purging to prevent weight gain.

Effects enamel of teeth from stomach acid

Binge Eating Disorder

An eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of eating large quantities of food, often quickly and to the point of discomfort, accompanied by feelings of loss of control.

Nutrient Density Good vs Bad Foods

Good: The most nutrients for the fewest food energy (Least calories)
ex. kale and greenery foods
Bad: Foods that are high in calories but low in nutrients, often lacking vitamins and minerals.
ex. candy

What vitamin do vegeterians lacks

Vitamin B12 and they need to take supplements for it

How are ingredients labeled on Food labels

Labeled in descending order of predominance by weight

Fat Soluble Vitamins in our Diets

They are STORED, released, absorbed, and transported with the fat in our diet

Dose Level and Effects of Vitamins in our Body

As you increase the dose of vitamins, the effects can vary from toxic as you have more

Obesity

Excessive body fat accumulation due to chronic energy imbalance; heightens risk for diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and other conditions.

Causes of Obesity

A complex interplay of genetic predisposition, environmental factors (e.g., easy access to calorie-dense foods, sedentary lifestyles), behavioral patterns (e.g., diet, physical activity), and hormonal imbalances.

Waist circumference

Measurement indicating central obesity;

thresholds:
women >35 inches,
men >40 inches;

correlates with diabetes and cardiovascular diseases

Visceral fat

Fat stored around abdominal organs; Upper body and more common in men

Subcutaneous fat

Fat stored beneath the skin especially in hips and thighs
In Lower body more and most common in Women

Fat Cell Development

With Fat loss, the size of the fat cells shrinks, but not the number

AMDR

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range: carbs 45–65%, fat 20–35%, protein 10–35% of total calories.

EER

Estimated Energy Requirement; average dietary energy intake to maintain energy balance for a person’s age, sex, height, weight, and activity.

Thermic Effect of Food (TEF)

Energy expended for digestion, absorption, and processing of nutrients; about 5–10% of daily energy expenditure.

The six classes of nutrients

Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water; organic vs inorganic classifications.

General Roles of Vitamins

Organic compounds vital for metabolic processes,

General Roles of Minerals

Inorganic elements that are indestructible that do not yield energy and are mostly elements

B1

Thi1amine

Beriberi

Severe Vitamin B1 thiamine deficiency affecting nervous system or cardiovascular system.

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

Neurological disorder due to Vitamin B1 Thiamine deficiency, often associated with chronic alcoholism. Leads to memory loss, apathy, eyeball problems, ataxia

Vitamin B2

RiboFlavin (R looks like a 2)

Glossitis & Cheilosis

Smoothest of the tongue (gloss=Glide=smooth) (glossitis) and fissuring at the mouth Corners (Cheilosis) associated with B2 Riboflavin deficiency.

Vitamin (B3)

Niacin

Pellagra

Niacin deficiency presenting with dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia.

disease of the skin, GI tract, and CNS

Vitamin (B5)

Pantotehenic Acid Panto sounds like Penta aka B5

Vitamin (B6)

Pyridoxine (only Vitamin with an X and siX ends in X)
Associated with Dopa Synthensis with the enzyme Dopa Decarboxylase (PLP)

Water Soluble Vitamin with significant toxicity

Vitamin B6 Pyridoxine can bind to muscle protein and creating neurological damage

Vitamin B7

BioTin T looks like the number 7

Which Vitamin Effects Palamatic Acid Synthese specfically the enzyme AcetylCoA-Carboxylase

Vitamin B7 Biotin

Vitamin (B9)

9 Follows (Folate) 8 LOL
The primary Coenzyme form is Tetrahydrofolate Coenzyme used in Pyrimidine Synthesis

Very important for cell division and DNA synthesis. It is crucial during pregnancy for fetal development.

Most Common Vitamin Defiency

Vitamin B9 Folate
Particular Among pregnament women and alcoholics

Anemia

B9 Folate Defiency low levels of healthy RBC

Spina bifida

From B9 Folate Defiency Results in spine is exposed and can lead to walking issues

Anenecephaly

From B9 Folate defiency leads to baby skull not being fully developed. baby will die

Vitamin B12

Cobalamin (just sounds like Colombian cartels and they scared of 12) Used in new cell sythesis and helps maintain nerve cells

Pernicious Anemia

Severe form of anemia from defiency of B12 Vitamin. Stems from lack of Intrinsic factors which are necessary in absportion of B12

Which Enzymes binds to Intrinsic Factor

Vitamin B12 Cobalamin binds here in the intestines before absoprtions

Instrinsic Factors

Glycoproteins made in Parietal cells that bind in the Ileum of small intestines

Vitamin C

AscorbiC Acid

Scurvy

Vitamin C deficiency which leads to sore and spongy gums, loose teethm fragile blood vessles, swollen joints

Vitamin A

related to vision

Night Blindness

Vitamin A deficiency

Xerophthalmia

Vitamin A deficiency leads to dry eyes and lack of tears production

Keratomalacia

Vitamin A deficiency leads to softening of the cornea

Vitamin D

Calcieferol which is essential for mineralization of bone health.

Rickets

Vitamin D deficiency leads to bowing of legs from inaqueents calcification in CHILDREN

Osteomalacia

Vitamin D deficiency leads to soft flexible brittle and deformed bones in ADULTS

Osteoporosis

Vitamin D deficiency in ADULTS leads to fractures and loss of calcium in bones and Defienecy in calcium

Vitamin E

(Tocopherols) are antioxidants

Vitamin K

(Phylloquinone, Menaquinon) Synthesis of blood clotting proteins and bone proteins

Sodium

Maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance and assits in nerve impulses and muscle contraction

sources: table salts

Calcium

essential for Mineralization of Bones and Teeth and muscle conraction and relaxation