lecture 2 pathologies

Fracture

Any break in a bone caused by trauma, low bone density, or vitamin D deficiency.

Complete Fracture

A fracture where the bone is broken into two or more fragments; can be open or closed.

Incomplete Fracture

A fracture where the bone is fractured but not into fragments.

Osteoporosis

A condition characterized by chronic thinning of the bone leading to increased fragility.

Scoliosis

A lateral 'S' shaped curve in the spine, often resulting in musculoskeletal imbalances.

Osteoarthritis

A degenerative joint disease that causes wear and tear of articular cartilage, primarily affecting weight-bearing joints.

Rheumatoid Arthritis

An autoimmune disease causing inflammation of the synovium and affecting joints symmetrically.

Ankylosing Spondylitis

A systemic autoimmune disease leading to chronic inflammation of the spine, potentially resulting in spinal fusion.

Gout

A type of monoarthritis characterized by the deposition of uric acid crystals in the joints.

Disc Herniation

The leakage of the nucleus pulposus through the annulus fibrosus of an intervertebral disc.

Bursitis

Inflammation of a bursa, often due to repetitive use or trauma.

Sprain

It occurs when trauma forces a joint beyond its normal range, overstretching or tearing ligaments, leading to joint instability.

Avulsion Fracture 

This type of fracture happens when a tendon or ligament pulls off a piece of bone.

Dislocation

The complete separation of two bones at a joint, often leading to reduced strength and function.

Subluxation

A partial or incomplete dislocation of a joint.

Kyphosis

The outward curvature of the thoracic spine, which helps distribute forces. Hyper-kyphosis can result from poor posture or diseases like osteoporosis.

Lordosis

An exaggerated inward curvature of the lumbar or cervical spine, potentially caused by obesity or other musculoskeletal changes.

Osteomalacia

Softening of the bones due to insufficient mineralization, often due to vitamin D deficiency. In children, it is called rickets.

Osteomyelitis

A bacterial infection of the bone marrow, causing necrosis and bone weakness, often due to Staphylococcus aureus.