Chp 4 Linguistic Anthropology: Relating Language and Culture

Creole language

________- a language of mixed origin that has developed from a complex blending of two-parent languages and exists as a mother tongue for some part of the population.

Phonology

________- the systematic pattern of sounds in a language, also known as the languages sound system.

Parole

________ is language in its living, breathing sociocultural context- that is, language as it is actually used by people.

Government business

________ in the province of Quebec is conducted in French, and public signs must be written in French.

Syntax

________: how words are strung together to form sentences and more complex utterances, such as paragraphs.

Morphology

________- the structure of words and word formation in a language.

Metaphors

________ are comparisons that emphasize the similarities between things.

Ethnopoetics

________- a method of recording narrative speech acts- including oral poetry, stories, and ritual use of language- as verses and stanzas in order to capture the format and other performative elements that might be lost in written prose.

Philology

________- comparative study of ancient texts and documents.

Sociolinguistics

________- the study of how sociocultural context and norms shape language use and the effects of language use on society.

Linguistic relativity

________- the idea that people speaking different languages perceive or interpret the world differently because of differences in their languages.

Sociolinguists

________ study how context and cultural norms shape language use and the effects of language use on society.

Pidgins

________ have historically been developed for the purpose of business and trade.

Langue

________ is the technically correct manner in which people should speak.

Call systems

________ are stimuli-dependent, which means an animal can communicate only in response to a real-world stimulus.

creole languages

In the Americas, local colonized societies developed hybrid languages called ________: a language of mixed origin that has developed from a complex blending of two-parent languages and that exists as a mother tongue for some part of the population.

Ethnoscience

________- the study of how people classify things in the world, usually by considering some range or set of meanings.

Dialect

________ - a regional or social variety of a language in which the vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation differ from those of the standard version of the language (e.g., African American Vernacular English )

Accent

________- a regional or social variation in the way a language is pronounced (e.g., an Alabama accent)

Language

________ is also a marker of position in local, regional, national, and international contexts.

Edward Sapir

In the 1920s, linguistic anthropologist ________ (1929) argued that a language inclines its speakers to think about the world in certain ways because of its specific grammatical categories.

Ethnography of speaking

________ - the study of how people actually use spoken language in a particular cultural setting.

Linguists

________ identify the sounds of language (phonology) marking the contrasts between pairs or groups of sounds.

Symbols

________ are elaborations on signs, with a wider range of meanings.

philology

Historical linguistics began in the 18th century as ________: the comparative study of ancient texts and documents.

Ape vocal tracts

________ limit spoken language, so for decades researchhers have probed the limits of ape communication by teaching them signed languages.

English

In ________, the pronoun you may refer to one person or many people.

Indonesian

In contrast to the past, present, and future tenses of English, the Ningerum language of Papua New Guinea features five tenses and ________ has no regular tense markings.

Animal call systems

________ tend to be nearly the same within a species, with only minor differences between call systems used in widely separated regions.

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

According to the ________, the language we speak does affect our perception of the world.

Language

________ is a(n) system of communication consisting of sounds, words, and grammar.

Descriptive linguistics

________- the systematic analysis and description of a languages sound system and grammar.

Language ideology

________- widespread assumptions that people make about the relative sophistication and status of particular dialects and languages.

linguistic relativity

Sapir's work was an early expression of ________: the idea that people speaking different languages perceive or interpret the world differently because of differences in their languages.

Anthropological linguistics

________- the study of language from an anthropological point of view.

Morphology

________: how words are ford into meaningful units.

Sociolinguists

________ accept whatever form of language a community uses (parole) as the form of language they should study.

Syntax

________- the pattern of word order used to form sentences and longer utterances in a language.

Phonology

________: the structure of speech sounds.

Historical linguistics

________ focuses on how and where the languages people speak today emerged.

Sociolinguists

________ focus on the use of signs, symbols, and metaphors in daily life.