Health Promotion and Disease Prevention

Health Promotion

Helping people improve or maintain their health and prevent illness.

Disease Prevention

Actions taken to stop illness from happening, find it early, or reduce its effects.

Are all people who are free of disease equally healthy?

No. A person can be free of disease but still have differences in wellness, health behaviors, resources, or living conditions.

Role of the Nurse in Health Promotion

Respect patient values and needs, provide comfort and emotional support, educate, coordinate care, and advocate for the patient.

Health Belief Model

A model that helps nurses understand how a person's beliefs and perceptions affect health behaviors and following treatment.

Positive Health Behaviors

Actions that help maintain, improve, or regain good health and prevent illness.

Health Promotion Model

A model developed by Pender that helps explain factors that influence health behaviors and health promotion.

Precontemplation

Not planning to change a behavior anytime soon. The person may not realize there is a problem.

Contemplation

The person knows there is a problem and is seriously thinking about changing, but has not acted yet.

Preparation

The person plans to make a change soon and has started taking small "baby steps."

Action

The person is actively changing their behavior, experiences, or environment.

Maintenance

The person has continued the new behavior for more than 6 months and works to prevent going back to the old behavior.

Sally Plans to Walk 30 Minutes Next Week

Preparation stage because she plans to take action soon.

WHO: 3 Pillars of Health Promotion

Good governance, health literacy, and healthy cities.

Healthy People 2030

A national effort that identifies important health issues and encourages actions to improve the health of people in the United States.

4 Health Measures in Healthy People 2030

General health status; health-related quality of life and well-being; determinants of health; disparities.

Health Promotion Process

Assess the patient, identify strengths and goals, choose behavior changes, create a plan, consider influences, set a timeframe, and provide support.

Health Promotion Assessment

Includes health history and physical exam, social determinants of health, fitness, lifestyle and risks, stress, health beliefs, nutrition, and screening.

Social Determinants of Health

Conditions and factors in a person's life that can affect health and access to care.

Health Promotion Diagnoses

Examples include readiness for enhanced health management, nutrition, self-concept, sedentary lifestyle, risk for frail elderly syndrome, and deficient community health.

Health Promotion Planning

Have the client identify goals and use equality/equity, role modeling, counseling, education, and support for lifestyle changes.

Equality

Giving everyone the same resources or support.

Equity

Giving people the specific support they need to reach better health outcomes.

Primary Prevention

Prevents a disease or problem before it starts.

Examples of Primary Prevention

Healthy lifestyle education, nutrition and exercise teaching, not smoking, seatbelts, bike helmets, and immunizations.

Immunizations

Primary prevention because vaccines help prevent disease before it occurs.

Secondary Prevention

Finds a disease or health problem early through screening so it can be treated early.

Examples of Secondary Prevention

Screenings such as blood pressure checks, hearing and vision tests, Pap tests, mammograms, and other age-appropriate screenings.

Newborn Screening

Screening may include PKU, hypothyroidism, galactosemia, sickle cell disease, and HIV depending on the state.

Child Screening

May include developmental, cognitive, behavioral, hearing, vision, height, weight, dental, lead, and other health screenings.

Adolescent Screening

May include developmental screening, tuberculosis, sexuality issues, affect, and breast/testicular self-exams.

Adult Screening

Examples listed in the slides include colonoscopy, fecal occult blood testing, digital rectal exam, pelvic exam, Pap test, mammogram, and blood pressure screening.

Tertiary Prevention

Helps people manage a disease or disability and reduce further problems after the condition already exists.

Examples of Tertiary Prevention

Cardiac or stroke rehabilitation, chronic disease management, support groups, and vocational rehabilitation.

Primary Prevention Example

Getting a flu shot every year.

Illness Risk Factors

Genetic and physiological factors, age, environment, and lifestyle.

Illness Behavior

How a person responds to and acts on symptoms or illness.

Internal Variables of Illness Behavior

How the person perceives symptoms and understands the nature of the illness.

External Variables of Illness Behavior

Visibility of symptoms, social and cultural group, economic factors, access to health care, and social support.

Impact of Illness

Illness can cause behavioral and emotional changes and affect body image, self-concept, family roles, and family dynamics.

Behavioral and Emotional Changes

People respond differently to illness depending on the illness, their attitude, how others react, and other illness-related factors.

Body Image

A person's mental picture of their body. Changes may affect body image depending on the type and speed of change, ability to adapt, and available support.

Self-Concept

A person's mental view of their own strengths and weaknesses. Illness can affect how they interact with family and meet family expectations.

Family Roles

Illness can change responsibilities in a family. For example, a child may become a caregiver for a parent, causing stress or conflict.

Family Dynamics

How a family functions, makes decisions, supports each other, and copes with problems.

Nurse's Goal in Health Promotion

Help patients understand their health, identify risks and goals, make healthy changes, and receive the support needed to maintain those changes.

Health Promotion Across the Lifespan

Teaching should consider the person's developmental stage, cognitive level, teaching strategies, and ability to learn or change.

Difference Between Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Prevention

Primary prevents a problem; secondary finds it early; tertiary manages an existing problem and helps prevent further complications.