Social Psychology Official Readings ONLY (EXAM #4)

What were the findings from the DepowEtAl2017 article study? (hint: it has to do with prosocial behavior)

• Participants reported about 9 opportunities to empathize per day.

• Empathy in daily life linked to increased well-being and prosocial behavior.

• Reported empathy opportunities in 19% of surveys.

• Empathy more frequent for close others (than strangers) and positive emotions than negative emotions.

• Higher empathy levels reported by women and religious individuals.

What was the study design from the DepowEtAl2017 article study? (hint: it has to do with prosocial behavior)

• Quota sampling used for demographic representation.

• Experience sampling via app over a week, with surveys 7 times daily.

• Data collection involved baseline surveys and in-the-moment reporting.

Empathy

It involves understanding, sharing, and caring for others’ emotions.

Which demographic correlation to empathy did the study find surprising?

Religiosity

In the study, how often did empathy arise from positive compared to negative emotions?

More often

Which component of empathy was reported most frequently among participants?

Compassion

Which demographic factors were associated with higher empathy levels in the study?

Gender and religiosity

What was the objective of the Empathy in Everyday Life Study?

To examine perceptions of empathy in daily life using experience sampling

How many empathy opportunities did participants report per day?

9

Which group of individuals reported experiencing empathy most frequently?

Very close individuals

What did the study emphasize about empathy research?

The importance of ecological validity and real-world application

Which demographic was quota sampled to ensure representation in the empathy study?

U.S. adults

What method was used for data collection in the empathy study?

Experience sampling from an app

What was the data collection from the DepowEtAl2017 article study? (hint: it has to do with prosocial behavior)

• Demographics: Participants provided baseline demographic data.

• Experience Sampling: Surveyed about empathy opportunities, emotional valence, and prosocial acts.

• Tools: MetricWire app for surveys, analyses conducted in R.

What percentage of surveys reported empathy opportunities?

19%

What was the primary focus of the empathy study in terms of the type of empathy?

The focus is empathy in daily life contexts

What was the main analytical approach used in the study?

Mixed-methods approach using generalized mixed-effects models

Which emotional context more frequently elicited empathy according to the study's findings?

Positive emotions

What is the role of empathic accuracy in relationship outcomes?

It significantly impacts relationship outcomes.

How does participants’ confidence (in their empathic accuracy) affect their empathy experiences?

Confidence positively correlates with increased empathy.

What is the correlation between subjective well-being and empathy? (hint: Subjective well-being is a self-reported measure of well-being (by using a questionnaire); it describes how people experience the quality of their lives)

Higher subjective well-being is generally associated with empathy.

How does empathy for negative emotions relate to well-being?

It tends to lower well-being.

What relation does empathy have with prosocial behavior?

Empathy for both positive and negative emotions fosters prosocial behavior.

Does trait empathy predict daily prosocial behavior according to the lecture?

No, it does not predict it.

Is there significant evidence for empathic licensing or facilitation mentioned in the lecture?

Little evidence is found for empathic licensing or facilitation.

Which demographic group reportedly shows higher empathy and confidence in empathic accuracy?

Women

How does religiosity correlate with empathy opportunities?

There is a weak correlation with increased empathy opportunities.

What does “motivation to empathize” depend on?

It depends on the nature of emotions and closeness of relationships.

What are the components that typically co-occur within the construct of empathy?

Emotion sharing, compassion, perspective-taking

Is there any significant association found between political orientation and empathy?

There is little association found between them.

What limitations exist in the empathy study regarding the representation and participation data?

Sample not entirely random, though quota-matched to some demographics.

How does perceived difficulty during empathy affect subjective well-being?

Perceived difficulty reduces subjective well-being.

What are the cultural aspects from the AndersonEtAl2017 article study? (hint: it has to do with antisocial behavior)

• Cultural Differences: Variations exist in media violence portrayal and aggression levels across cultures.

• Theory: General Aggression Model (GAM) posits universal aggression mechanisms, suggesting similar media violence effects across cultures.

• CuPS Approach: Suggests cultural contexts may moderate media violence effects.

What are the key findings from the AndersonEtAl2017 article study? (hint: it has to do with antisocial behavior)

• Media violence exposure is positively associated with aggression, even with risk factors like bad parenting and juvenile delinquency taken into account.

• The effect is mediated by aggressive cognitions and empathy.

• Effect size is similar to other aggression risk factors.

• Cumulative risk model suggests joint effects of different risk factors exceed individual effects.

What is the study overview of the AndersonEtAl2017 article study? (hint: it has to do with antisocial behavior)

This study examined the effects of media violence on aggression across seven countries (Australia, China, Croatia, Germany, Japan, Romania, United States).

What is the methodology from the AndersonEtAl2017 article study? (hint: it has to do with antisocial behavior)

• Participants: Adolescents and young adults from seven countries.

• Measures: Included media habits, aggression, aggressive cognitions, empathy, and risk factors for aggression.

• Data Collection: Surveys conducted online or via interviews.

What are the strengths and limitations from the AndersonEtAl2017 article study? (hint: it has to do with antisocial behavior)

• Strengths: Cross-cultural, large sample size, and standardized measures.

• Limitations: Limited to economically developed countries, cross-sectional design, and reliance on self-reports.

What was the objective from the Spielmann/Gahman article/fear of being single study? (hint: it has to do with attraction and rejection behavior)

It is to explore whether fear of being single is detectable in online dating profiles and how it affects desirability.

What is Fear of Being Single (FOBS)?

It is defined as concern or anxiety about being without a romantic partner. It is a trait-like individual difference.

For each study, what methodology was used in the Fear of Being Single study?

• Study 1: Participants created and assessed dating profiles with varying levels of FOBS and narcissism; Participants: 235 (60% women, average age 36.9)

• Study 2: Evaluation of actual dating profiles created in Study 1; Participants: 176 (69% women, average age 21.4)

What was found in each part of the Fear of Being Single study?

• In study 1: Differences in profiles regarding fear of being single were detectable AND higher fear of being single predicted lower romantic desirability.

• In study 2: Participants accurately detected levels of fear of being single in real profiles. This study also had similar results as Study 1; however, perceived anxious attachment and physical attractiveness perception also played roles.

(In the Spielmann/Gahman attraction study) From the fear of being single, participants with higher fear of being single were-

-were not deterred by high fear of being single in others, suggesting possible similarity-attraction effects.

Anxious Attachment vs Fear of being single

Both are negatively associated with desirability, but fear of being single could be linked more to commitment readiness.

What is the main idea of Spielmann/Gahman article study? (hint: it has to do with attraction and rejection behavior)

Main idea is that fear of being single is detectable and generally reduces desirability, though perceiver traits can moderate this effect.

How does having a higher fear of being single in a dating profile typically affect romantic desirability (in the Spielmann/Gahman attraction study)?

It decreases desirability

What role does perceiver's fear of being single play in desirability ratings (in the Spielmann/Gahman attraction)?

Their own high FOBS makes them less deterred by high FOBS in others

What additional factors played a role in romantic desirability in Study 2 in the Spielmann/Gahman attraction article?

Perceived anxious attachment and physical attractiveness perception

According to the study (in the Spielmann/Gahman attraction study), what potential effect does fear of being single have on mate selection strategies?

It impacts challenges due to detectability and undesirability

Which hypothesis did Study 1 and Study 2 (in the Spielmann/Gahman attraction) both explore?

Both explored the detection of fear of being single reduces romantic appeal

What is suggested by the findings (in the Spielmann/Gahman attraction) regarding 'moderation by perceiver traits'?

People with higher fear of being single are compatible with others of high fear of being single due to similarity-attraction effects.

The Spielmann/Gahman attraction study’s findings suggest fear of being single is linked more to what aspect of relationships?

Commitment readiness

What is progression bias in the context of romantic relationships in the Joel MacDonald Article? (hint: It has to do with close relationships)

It is a tendency to favor the initiation, advancement, and maintenance of relationships

How do cultural assumptions about partner selection impact relationship decisions according to the Joel MacDonald Article? (hint: It has to do with close relationships)

They create a perceived necessity for cautious partner selection

What does evidence from speed-dating studies suggest about selectivity in partner choice, according to the Joel MacDonald Article? (hint: It has to do with close relationships)

The evidence is that participants frequently say yes to a large portion of potential matches

Why is relationship advancement often quick according to the authors of the Joel MacDonald Article? (hint: It has to do with close relationships)

Because of intuitive and rapid investment decisions

What are some of the emotional costs associated with ending a relationship the Joel MacDonald Article? (hint: It has to do with close relationships)

Social and emotional costs that make breakups challenging

What evolutionary consideration explains quick bonding with partners in the Joel MacDonald Article? (hint: It has to do with close relationships)

Limited mate options leading to quick attachments

Which biological mechanisms promote relationship maintenance in the Joel MacDonald Article? (hint: It has to do with close relationships)

Infatuation and dopamine-related reward systems

How do social and cultural factors encourage relationship progression in the Joel MacDonald Article? (hint: It has to do with close relationships)

Through social benefits and avoidance of singlehood's stigma

What do traditional relationship models emphasize that contrasts with progression bias in the Joel MacDonald Article? (hint: It has to do with close relationships)

Risk regulation and avoidance of rejection

How do evaluation biases influence relationship progression in the Joel MacDonald Article? (hint: It has to do with close relationships)

They lead to positive evaluations even before commitment

What role do rejection fears play in progression bias in the Joel MacDonald Article? (hint: It has to do with close relationships)

They are overshadowed by pro-relationship motivations

How does physical attractiveness impact progression bias in the Joel MacDonald Article? (hint: It has to do with close relationships)

More attractive individuals have similar biases

What gender-related differences are observed in the initiation of relationships in the Joel MacDonald Article? (hint: It has to do with close relationships)

More attractive individuals have similar biases

What effect does an avoidant attachment style have on progression bias in the Joel MacDonald Article? (hint: It has to do with close relationships)

It decreases progression bias due to discomfort with intimacy

Which methodological shifts are suggested for future research on progression bias in the Joel MacDonald Article? (hint: It has to do with close relationships)

More diverse sampling and longitudinal studies