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persian empire (photo)

persia empire bullet points

• military & administration powerhouse

  • like god

• single central administration

• cyrpurs & satraps

• built beauracracy

• religious tolerance

• in modern iran

• multi-ethnic

• alchemeid

cyprus the great

ruler of persian empire

satraps

got stuff done on behalf of emporer, persia. policites enforced by these people.

persian empire thought their emporer was basically ___

god

complex bureaucracy

made my persians. had adminsatrators, tax collectors, record keepers, etc. had people do certain things for the govt.

persia had tolerance of their people’s religion and culture, which made things easier since no one felt oppressed of their individuality (to a degree)

persia had tolerance of their people’s religion and culture, which made things easier since no one felt oppressed of their individuality (to a degree)

zoastrianism

• persian religion

• monotheistic

• zoroaster

• in iran (most)

• to gain knowledge = good

• human free will & the ability to choose good or eveil

• ignorance = bad

• universal battle of Good & Evil

• there is universal good and evil

• good for the sake of good

how did zoastrianism bettered the __ empire?

persian
it helped to push knowledge forward and therefore the progress of the empire. knowledge & good

greek empire (west & east) photo

greeks were ___ of persians

polar-opposites

greek characteristics bullet points

• democracy

• citizen particpatoin

• polytheism

  • city-states

athens

without divine monarch. vase w/ hate (full democracy), lots of slavery

sparta

had senates, 1 king home another goes to war

peloponnesian war bullet points

between athens and sparta.

• war of power

• other city-states allied with either athens or sparta

greek city-states lacked ___

unity

greek city states had the same cultural thread in pursuing

medicine, science philosphy, etc. first knowledge “aquired” by the greeks

hellenistic period

period of the greeks where there was mass expansion of greek culture and political dominance. greek rule

machedonian phillipp ii

the king that united the greek sin the hellenistic period. his son continued his work

alexander the great

son of phillip king. greatest military campaign. macedon & greek federation led. ended persian rule

greek culture was embedded in cities by ___. locations

libraries. knowledge spread in central asia, north africa, middle east

settlers of greek cities in hellenistic period were called

alexandria

power of greek people were reserved to only __

men

legacy of greeks & persians

• ofc philosophies and concepts

• hellenistic states after Alexander had generals that took over. adopted persian gov

• skepticism to get logic and observation

• socrates, plato aristotle in writings and concetps

  • influenced arab, persian, indian,and western math

alexander the greats empire (greece photo)

roman republic (bullet points)

• city-states

• modern-day italy

• conquered local latin cities - 500s BCE

• ruled by elected senate

  • patricians (rich) & pleabs (everyone)

• went to modern day spain → gaul (france)→ then to greek colonies

• after greek armies, regional empires of carthage and macedona became opps

• was able to eventually defeat carthage, punic wars

• after carthage died, they targeted hellenistic states and became the rules of Meditteranean Sea

• heavily borrowed from greek culture & administration

• bureaucracy

punic wars (bullet points)

1. control over aegates & carthage

2. elephants & hannibal (general)

3. roman retaliation. boats & killed all men and enslaved women & children

julious caesar

intiated empire of rome. claimed to be emperor because just had an army. continued tradition of conquest

roman army size grew bec.

its rewards, land grants (from conguered land), etc.

upperclass elites in rome had

long estates, tax breaks, political positions

romans gave their citizenshipto

anyone that they conquered. aka not automatically slaves !!

if u were in trouble in rome

u were punished greatly

towards the end of rome, rome split in

2. west & east. they split becuase people were invading and they could’nt tfully protect themselves. east became byzantine empire and outlasted the west.

expansion of rome after caesar. photo

golden age of india

centralized india in 3rd century CE. known as gupta empire

sri gupta

king of gupta empire in india

golden age of india bullet points

• had centralized state system

• progress. math, poetry, science, etc.

• created modern algebraic system, concept of zero, chess. earth rotates on axis, etc.

• ended due to internal stike & hunnic invaders.

dynasty

line of rulers

warring states period and its effects

• in china. constant war, death, famine, instability.

• because of this, people started to think. created:

  • confucianism & legalism

legalism

state should be built by moral law, secular laws, positions based on individual merit, not religiosity or class

confucianism:

believing that authorities should take care of the little ones, and the little ones should fully obey

qin dynasty bullet points

• after warring period of china

• defeated other kingoms

• no record or contact with western empires (persia, greece, rome) they had to rely on themselves to create a large centralized empire in east asia

• established foundations for state imperial (emperorial) systems for later chinese dynasties

shihuagdi

chinese admiistrator behind qin dynasty.

shihuangdi created

• effective central bureaucracy

• public roads

• common currency

• established formal written language

• push back traditional enemy of china, xiongnu confederacy in the north

• making peasants build first sections of great wall of china

chang’an

imperial capital city

han dynasty

• confucianism survived thru qin

• confucianism adopted in han dynasty as the official philosophy under emperor wu

• fall by xiongu confederacy

liu bang (bullet points)

• rebel that defeated his rivals and then controlled china.

• made the golden age of china

• expanded trade thru world and roman empire in the silk roads

mauryan empire

ashoka the great emperor was buddhist so his influence made india more buddhist. built temples, finances missionares, etc.

caste system was so rigid in hindusim that is created

buddhism

dhmaa

fulfilling duty in hinduism

brhama

the universe in hinduism`

judaism bullet points

• started as polythestic

• started having regional religious characteristics of mesopotamian region

• Tanakh or Torah

• zoroastrianism influenced judaism

1. after exile of babylon, they went back to israel and judah at the hands of th persian empire

2. the shift of theology was the second-temple judaism

   • following cyrpurs the great in the second temple in jerusalem

   • shifted to a more zoroastrianism model

2nd temple judaism bullet points

• monotheism (yaweh)

• enternal battle berween good and evil

• we have free will to choose good and evil

• promise of a future messiah to tip the scale to good

christianity

• judaism laid a foundation for christianity

• began around 20-33 CE

• disciples in israel began following the miracles and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth

• Jesus was the incarnation of the Jewish messiah, though they though he would be some sort of military leader

• promise of messiah was appealing especially since the oppresions experienced in Rome

• led to revolt, Roman Empire opposed Chrisitnaity and its followers

• missionaries like Paul spread Christianity to Rome and across other lands

• missions and merchants continued to spread in Rome

islam bullet points

• writings of the Prophet Muhammad (the Quran)

• muhammad was a religous, social, and political leader

  • the last prophet

• combines several features of arab paganism, zoroastrianism, and judeo-christian beliefs

• people who follow and believe in the Quran, no matter any division (race, etc.) anyone can be Muslim

• monotheistic

• goal: to convert people to Islam, duty to help your community, etc

5 pillars of islam

1. there’s Allah and Muhammad is his messenger

2. 5 times a day prayer

3. giving to charity/poor

4. go to mecca girlies (hajj) 🎀✨

5. fasting for Ramadan

prophet muhammad and his jourey (bullet points)

• his audience included a lot of polytheistic religion

• went to medina after they kicked him out of mecca; converted lots of arab pagans there

• converted almost entire arab peninsula

ulama

scholars that had coolio jobs (judges, interpreters, admins, prayer leader, reciters of quran, preservers of islamic law)

sufis

• thought that islamic civiliation was a distraction to what muhammad’s time was abt.

  • focused on mystical aspect

  • focused on trying to achieve union with allah

  • believed that the strucutre (5 times prayer, etc.) was good for daily life, but did little to feel the presence of god

  • mainstream in 11000 to 1800

rashidun caliphate

• rashidun caliphate: period of rapid Islam expansion

• after the death of Muhammad, Muslims would be led by a caliph

• this splited Islam - Sunni & Shia

• Sunni & Shia

• dhimmis

  • payed additional taxes

  • had some limits, but there was religous tolerance

• the rashidun caliphate established how muslimes viewed non-muslims

• juzya tax:

caliph

civil and religous leader that determines religous and state policy

dhimmis

the protected people. they (Jew & Christians) were protected by the Muslim state byt were treated as second-class

juzya tax

taxes to the dhimmis unless they convert to islam

Sunni

Muhammad did not designate someone

Shia

minority, oppressed. Muhammad designated Hazrat Ali

ummah

community of believers. islam

pastoral socieities

• the effect of the neolithic revolution led to pastoral societies

• farming was difficult here (ex. grasslands, deserts)

• depended on their domesticated animals ofc

  • ex. sheep, goats, cattle, horses, camels, reindeer

• animals can turn into meat, fiber, hides, milk

• also used for transport and warfare

• known as herders, nomads, pastoral societies

• in Central Asia, Arabian Peninsula, Sahara, parts of eastern and southern Africa

permanently settled farmers

• the good society

• no chiefs, kings, etc.

• in Eurasia, Africa, Americas

• organizing themselves in kinships (lineages)

• incorporated not only immediate and extended family

• had a good degree of social and gender equality 😱

• had cultural, artistic, and religious traditions

• interacted continuously with neighbors

chiefdoms

• more inequality, but honestly not that bad (if chief is good)

• chiefs had to give back to their community in order to persuade their followers

  • generosity, ritual status, personal charisma

• chiefs usually derived from senior lineage (first son of ancestor)

• chiefs led:

  • important rituals & ceremonies

  • organized community for warfare

  • economic life

  • resolve internal conflicts

• the chiefs collected stuff from commoners (food, manufactured goods, raw materials) → warriors, craftsmen, religious specialists, etc.

• North America: eastern woodlands

• larges chiefdom: Cahokia

  • modern St. Louis around 1200 C.E.

China civilization:

Islamic civilization:

European civilization:

China civilization: made bureaucracy, silk production, papermaking, papermaking, printing, gunpowder.

Islamic civilization: math, medicine, astronomy, metallurgy, water management

European civilization: scientific & industrial revs.

the environment shapes the culture, but also the culture shapes the environment

• ex. greece had city states rather than unified body - bec. of mountainous terrain

• ex. the dense rain forests in the narrow area of Panama inhibited contact between civilizations

• ex. oceans that separated Afro-Eurasian world from Western Hemisphere

• ex. southern mesopotamia w/ intense ag. soil turned into salt, barley replaced wheat

• ex. Chinese civ. expansion toward Yangzi River valley (after 200 C.E.) sucked all the life of the forest and made the elephants leave

• ex. Maya civilization: shaped the land for agriculture, led to deforestation and erosion of hillsides along with its droughts. led to the collapse of Mayans

upanishads

collection of sacred texts (we dk the authors) between 800 & 400 BCE

atman

individual human soul

moksha

liberation

samsara

reincarnation

karma

sarmsara depended on your personal actions in your current life

bhakti movement

• devotion to one or another god and/or goddesses

• south india moving forward

• intense adoration and identification

• vishnu: protector and preserver of creation

• shiva: destruction

• this sort of set the caste system aside and just allowed people to connect to the divine

• more accessible to normal people than the sacrifices of brahmins

• less structure

• poetic tradition

buddhism points

• 8-fold path: cure to unfullfillment

• 3 suffereings: old, death, pain

• rejects caste system

theravada buddhism

• teaching of the elders

• portrayed buddha as very wise but not divine

• gods do play a small part for enlightenment

• this was very rigorous branch of buddhism.

  • time consuming meditation, focus on monks and nuns seclusion, absence of “worldy” comforts

mahyana buddhism

• greater accessibility

• wide range of people beyond monks

• nirvana can be achieved in 1 lifetime

• focused more on compassion instead of wisdom and insight

• bodhisattvas:

bodhisattvas

• fully enlightened beings who postponed their nirvana to help suffering humanity

tibetan buddhism

• 7th century C.E.

• gave special authority to lamas: learned teachers

• emphasized awareness and prep for death

• fusion of native tibetan traditions + hinduism

• ceremonies of heavenly beings, art, music, complex meditations, etc.

• texts created were the tibetan book of the dead

  • describes the stages of transitioning from life to death to rebirth

• buddhism disappeared in india in 1200

  • the wealth of building monastaries kept it separated from normal people

  • brahmin priests and islam after 1000 CE were more than buddhism

  • new kind of hinduism popped up

silk roads:

china and meditteranean world

sea roads

indian ocean and south china sea; connected southern china and east africa

sand roads

linked north africa and mediterranean world in west africa