Circulatory System: Systems #2

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43 Terms

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How many chambers does the human heart have?

4 chambers (2 atria and 2 ventricles)

2
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Which reptiles have 4 heart chambers?

Crocodiles and alligators

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What connects the right atrium to the right ventricle?

Tricuspid valve

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What connects the left atrium to the left ventricle?

Bicuspid (mitral) valve

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What connects the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery?

Pulmonary semilunar valve

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What connects the left ventricle to the aorta?

Aortic semilunar valve

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What is the function of the sinoatrial (SA) node?

Acts as pacemaker, initiates contraction of the atria and stimulates AV node

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Where is the SA node located?

Upper right atrium

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What is the function of the atrioventricular (AV) node?

Passes impulse from atria to Bundle of His

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Where is the Bundle of His located?

Between the ventricles

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What is the function of the Bundle of His?

Passes signal to Purkinje fibers for ventricular contraction

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What is the function of Purkinje fibers?

Cause contraction of both ventricles

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What is systole?

Contraction of atria and ventricles

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What is diastole?

Relaxation of atria and ventricles

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What determines human blood type (A, B, AB, O)?

Specific antigens on the surface of erythrocytes

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What antibodies does a person with type A blood produce?

Anti-B antibodies

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What happens if incompatible blood types mix?

Erythrocyte agglutination (antibodies attack foreign antigens, forming clumps)

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What is agglutination?

Clumping of blood cells due to antibody-antigen reaction

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Why is AB+ the universal recipient blood type?

Has no antibodies against any blood type

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Why is O- the universal donor blood type?

Has no antigens to trigger immune response

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What is the Rh factor?

Another example of a blood surface antigen (+ or -)

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What is the sequence of the pulmonary circuit?

Right heart → lungs → left heart

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What is the path of blood through the pulmonary circuit?

  1. Deoxygenated blood enters right atrium via vena cava
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Which vessel has the lowest oxygen concentration in the body?

Pulmonary artery

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Which vessel has the highest oxygen concentration in the body?

Pulmonary vein

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Do arteries always carry oxygenated blood?

No, pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood to lungs

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Do veins always carry deoxygenated blood?

No, pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood to heart

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What are arterioles?

Small arteries wrapped in smooth muscle; major determinants of blood pressure

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What are veins?

Vessels carrying blood toward the heart

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What are venules?

Small vessels that collect blood from capillaries into veins

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What are capillaries?

Smallest blood vessels with a single layer of endothelial cells for gas, nutrient, and waste exchange

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What are precapillary sphincters?

Rings of muscle that regulate blood flow into capillaries

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What happens when precapillary sphincters are relaxed?

Increased blood flow and nutrient delivery to tissues

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What happens when precapillary sphincters are tightened?

Reduced blood flow and nutrient delivery to tissues

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What is the sequence of the systemic circuit?

Left heart → body → right heart

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What is the path of blood through the systemic circuit?

Left atrium contracts, sending blood through bicuspid valve to left ventricle

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How does blood go from the arteries to the tissues?

The blood goes through the arterioles

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How does deoxygenated blood return to the right atrium?

  1. Blood returns through venules → veins → superior and inferior vena cava to right atrium.

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What is plasma?

Aqueous mixture of proteins, salts, gases, and nutrients in the blood

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What is serum?

Plasma without clotting proteins

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What are platelets?

Cell fragments involved in blood clotting

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What are erythrocytes?

Red blood cells that transport oxygen using hemoglobin

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What are leukocytes?

White blood cells that function as phagocytes to engulf foreign particles