Digestive and Urinary Systems Exam Review

Vocabulary flashcards for Exam 3 review covering the digestive and urinary systems.

Amylase

Digestive enzyme that breaks down starch, secreted by salivary glands and pancreas.

Pepsin

Digestive enzyme in the stomach that breaks down proteins.

Lipase

Digestive enzyme secreted by the pancreas that breaks down lipids.

Bile

Substance produced by the liver that emulsifies fats, composed of bile salts, bilirubin, and cholesterol.

Enterocytes

Intestinal cells that absorb nutrients into blood/lymph.

Chylomicrons

Reassembled fatty acids and monoglycerides that are transported after lipid absorption.

Glycogenolysis

Breakdown of glycogen into glucose.

Gluconeogenesis

Synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources.

Ketones

Byproduct found in urine during starvation or metabolic diseases.

Internal Anal Sphincter

Structure that relaxes during defecation due to spinal reflex.

Glomerulus

Structure in the kidney that filters plasma into Bowman’s capsule.

Nephron

Functional unit of the kidney responsible for urine formation.

Bowman's Capsule

Structure in the nephron that filters blood.

Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)

Part of the nephron responsible for bulk reabsorption.

Loop of Henle

Part of the nephron responsible for concentrating urine.

Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)

Part of the nephron responsible for fine-tuning ion concentration.

Collecting Duct (CD)

Part of the nephron responsible for fine-tuning ion concentration.

Aldosterone

Hormone that increases sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion in the kidneys.

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Hormone that increases water reabsorption in the kidneys.

Juxtaglomerular Cells

Cells that release renin to regulate blood pressure.

Renin

Enzyme released by juxtaglomerular cells that initiates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.

Angiotensin II

Hormone that causes vasoconstriction and aldosterone release.

ACE Inhibitors

Medications that block angiotensin II production.

Diuretics

Medications that lower plasma volume.

Ketoacidosis

Condition indicated by acidic urine.

UTI (Urinary Tract Infection)

Condition that might cause alkaline urine.

SGLT-1

Transporter for glucose absorption.

GLUT-2

Facilitated transporter of glucose into the blood.

Vagus Nerve

Nerve that stimulates gastrin release.