HHSC 1040 — Week 1: History, Definition, and Career Benefits of Nursing

Flashcards covering HHSC 1040 Week 1 lecture content: nursing history, key historical figures, licensure, education pathways, workforce demographics, practice settings, advanced roles, technology, and MCC nursing program admissions.

What are the two Week 1 lecture objectives?

Define the nursing scope and practice historically and currently; and list career opportunities in nursing.

Who is Florence Nightingale?

A 19th-century English socialite who became the founder of modern nursing.

Where did Florence Nightingale study?

Kaiserswerth Hospital in Germany and the Sisters of Charity in Paris.

What happened during Nightingale's Crimean War work?

During 1854–1856 in Turkey, more soldiers died of infection than in battle because of poor sanitary conditions.

What did Nightingale collect data about?

Morbidity and mortality of soldiers.

How did Nightingale's data collection affect healthcare?

It helped reform the British medical system and the British Army medical system.

What sanitary reforms did Nightingale promote?

Fresh air, healthy food, clean bandages, cleaning, and handwashing.

What did Nightingale write in 1859?

Notes on Nursing: What It Is and What It Is Not, describing a body of nursing knowledge and professional nursing.

What did Nightingale establish in 1860?

The first training school for nurses at St. Thomas’ Hospital in London.

How many nurses did Nightingale take to Scutari?

38 nurses.

What motivated nursing training in the United States from 1861–1873?

The American Civil War.

Who served as nurses at the beginning of the Civil War?

Catholic religious orders, including nuns; there were no available professional nurses.

Who founded the American Red Cross?

Clara Barton.

What inspired Clara Barton to bring the Red Cross to the United States?

In 1869 she went to Geneva, Switzerland, discovered the Red Cross in Europe, and was inspired to bring it to the United States.

What did the ICN resolution on nursing licensure call for?

Each country and state should provide for licensure of nurses.

What were the 1903 permissive licensure laws?

Nurses did not have to be registered to practice, but they could not use the title RN unless registered with a license.

By what year did all states require permissive licensure?

1923.

When was mandatory nursing licensure fully mandated in New York?

1947.

What happened in 1950 regarding nursing examinations?

The NLN assumed responsibility for the first nationwide State Board Test Pool Examination.

Who was Lillian Wald?

A nurse who graduated from the New York Hospital Training School for Nurses in 1891 and became a major figure in public health nursing.

What did Lillian Wald believe about healthcare?

Every New York City resident was entitled to equal and fair healthcare regardless of social status, socioeconomic status, race, gender, or age.

What did Wald found in 1893?

The Henry Street Settlement, serving large immigrant communities in Manhattan.

What did the Henry Street Settlement help establish?

The foundation for public health and community nursing.

What organization did Lillian Wald help establish?

The NAACP.

What was formed when the United States entered World War I in 1917?

The National Committee on Nursing.

What was the National Committee on Nursing charged with doing?

Supplying nurses.

What two nursing education/recruitment programs were established during WWI?

The Army School of Nursing and the Vassar Training Camp for Nurses.

What pandemic began in 1918?

The Spanish influenza pandemic.

How did Red Cross nursing respond to the 1918 influenza pandemic?

Through widespread public education, in-home care, and hygiene education.

What happened to nursing roles during the 1918 influenza pandemic?

Staffing shortages expanded nursing roles and required triage, basic medical care, and public health work.

What did public health education during the 1918 flu emphasize?

Disease prevention, hygiene, and quarantine measures.

What happened to many private-duty nurses during the Great Depression?

Families could no longer afford them, forcing many nurses into unemployment.

How did the Civil Works Administration help nurses in 1933?

It put nurses back to work in rural and school settings.

What did the Social Security Act of 1935 do?

It enhanced public health nursing and strengthened public health services, including medical care for children with disabilities and people who were blind.

How did poverty affect healthcare during the Great Depression?

It reduced access to healthcare and increased illness, malnutrition, and other hardships.

How did nursing roles expand during the Great Depression?

Nurses provided basic medical care, triage, health education, and community outreach.

What public health initiatives increased during the Great Depression?

Disease prevention, sanitation, nutrition, maternal and child health, and hygiene education.

Why did home care nursing increase during the Great Depression?

Limited resources and access to healthcare facilities made community and home care more prevalent.

Why did World War II create a need for more nurses?

The war created a major need for nurses.

What was the Cadet Nurse Corps?

A nursing program in which schooling was provided in exchange for a commitment to serve.

How many nurses volunteered, graduated, and became certified for military service from 1943–1948?

124,000 nurses.

What did the Hill-Burton Act of 1946 provide?

Funds to construct hospitals, producing rapid growth in facilities and hospital beds.

What nursing problem followed hospital expansion after the Hill-Burton Act?

An acute shortage of nurses and increasingly difficult working conditions.

What two nursing developments resulted from the hospital expansion/shortages described in the slide?

Team nursing and associate degree nursing (ADN) programs.

When did military nurses receive full commissioned officer status?

1947.

When were men allowed in the military nursing corps?

1954.

What characterized nursing in the 1960s?

Specialty care and clinical specialization.

What two programs were established by 1965 Social Security Act amendments?

Medicare and Medicaid.

Who is Medicare designed to serve according to the slide?

People 65 or older and certain people under 65 with disabilities or conditions.

Who is Medicaid designed to serve?

People with low income, including pregnant women and children.

What was the main goal of the Great Society?

The total elimination of poverty and racial injustice.

How long did the Vietnam War last?

1955–1975.

Approximately how many nurses served in Vietnam through the Army Nurse Corps?

Approximately 11,000.

About how many servicemen did nurses in Vietnam help save according to the slide?

Approximately 300,000.

What advanced emergency procedures did nurses perform in Vietnam?

Tracheotomies and chest tube insertions.

What was a major advancement in Vietnam-era evacuation?

Helicopter medical evacuation (medevac) quickly transported wounded soldiers to medical facilities.

How did Vietnam affect trauma care?

It advanced trauma care, shock care, and trauma units.

How did Vietnam affect pre-hospital care?

It accelerated procedures such as opening surgical airways and thoracic needle decompressions.

How did women's social movements affect nursing?

They emphasized reproductive rights and maternal health, shifted perceptions of nursing toward advanced skills, critical thinking and leadership, and supported legislative changes for gender equality.

What major infectious disease issue affected nursing in the early 1980s?

HIV/AIDS.

What infection-control practice became important during HIV/AIDS?

Universal precautions.

What is an advance directive?

Also called a living will; it states how a person wishes to be cared for and what measures they would want used to keep them alive.

What did the Quinlan and Cruzan cases raise?

Questions about the right to die, life support, and what patients would have wanted.

How did HIV/AIDS change nursing practice?

It required strict infection-control protocols, universal precautions, education/counseling, advocacy, policy work, and holistic care.

What major disasters are highlighted in the post-9/11 era?

The 2001 World Trade Center disaster and Hurricane Katrina in 2005.

What did the ANA state in 2006 about nursing during disasters?

Unfamiliar and unusual conditions may necessitate adaptations to recognized standards of nursing practice.

What major healthcare reform law was enacted in 2010?

The Affordable Care Act (ACA).

What ACA provision allowed young adults to stay on a parent's health insurance?

Adults up to age 26 could remain on their parents' healthcare insurance.

What did the ACA prohibit regarding children under 19?

Insurance companies could not deny them insurance because of preexisting conditions.

What other ACA benefits are listed?

Coverage of recommended preventive services without out-of-pocket expenses, appeal of coverage decisions, and choice of primary care providers.

When did COVID-19 first emerge according to the slide?

Late 2019.

By late 2021, how many COVID-19 cases were reported?

246 million.

By late 2021, how many deaths were reported?

At least 5 million.

What is Long COVID?

Ongoing health problems and symptoms.

What major nursing implications of COVID-19 are listed?

Telehealth/remote care, patient and family communication, stress management and mental health support, community outreach/education, ethical dilemmas/decision-making, and implicit bias/societal hierarchies.

What was the historical stereotype about women in nursing?

Women were stereotyped as intellectually inferior to men and not expected to make decisions or think for themselves.

What does "pink collar" profession mean in the slide?

Nursing's historical status as a predominantly female profession.

What gender pay gap is reported for 2020?

Men reported earning $7,300 more than women as RNs; women who were RNs earned 91% of what men who were RNs earned.

When was the American Assembly for Men in Nursing created?

1974.

Why was the AAMN created?

To recruit and support men in nursing and address factors affecting men in nursing, including awareness and research into men's health issues.

How did Gallup rate nurses in 2014?

Nurses were rated highest among a number of professions and occupations for honesty and ethics.

What was the goal of the 2002 Johnson & Johnson campaign?

To enhance the image of the nursing profession.

What is the mission of The Truth About Nursing?

To increase public understanding of the central, front-line role nurses play in modern healthcare.

What is a major national population trend affecting nursing?

The aging of America.

What is happening to the older adult population?

People are living longer and the number of elderly people is increasing.

What nursing strategies address the aging population?

Care of elderly people in nursing programs, gerontology courses, and gerontological clinical nurse specialist and NP preparation.

What do nurses need to understand about cultural differences?

They need to be aware of and respectful toward cultural differences between themselves and patients and among patients.

What three terms are used for approaches to culture?

Cultural competence, cultural sensitivity, and cultural humility.

What is cultural humility?

Recognizing that one cannot be fully competent in another culture while maintaining a willingness to learn from people who inhabit that culture.

How diverse is the nursing workforce compared with the people it serves?

The nursing workforce is less diverse than the people it serves.

What is genetics?

The science of heredity.

What is genomics?

The study of genomes and DNA sequences.

What is epigenetics?

The examination of causes of changes in gene expression not explained by the underlying DNA sequence.

What did the Human Genome Project map?

About 20,000–25,000 genes on the human genome.

What is pharmacogenetics?

Using genetic structures to help determine medication mechanisms of action and explain differences in medication response.

What is information technology (IT)?

Computer-based applications used to communicate, store, manage, retrieve, and process information.

What is knowledge technology in nursing?

“Technology of the mind”: computer systems that transform information into knowledge and generate new knowledge.

How can knowledge technology help nurses?

Expert systems can assist clinical judgment; for example, medication systems can prompt nurses for data before medication administration.

Why is documentation at the time of care valuable?

It is more accurate than writing a note later from memory.

What is alarm fatigue?

A problem in which frequent alarms can lose their meaning; the goal is for alarms to indicate something important.