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Apartheid- what, when, where, start and end
Apartheid, established in 1948, was a strict legal system that rigidly separated races in South Africa. Apartheid was abolished in 5/4/1990.
What was life like in apartheid?
Black areas rarely had plumbing or electricity, hospitals/buses/trains were segregated, sex and marriage between races was not allowed, and the media reinforced the view of blacks as 2nd class citizens.
What was classification in apartheid?
Classification was based on appearance, social acceptance, and descent. If one of the parents were not white, a person could not be white. The government decides classifications of the people.
What were the 4 races people were classified into?
White, black, colored, and Indian
What was the African National Congress?
The African National Congress (ANC) was formed in 1912 organized strikes, boycotts, and protests against the government. They were banned and arrested members such as Nelson Mandela.
What was the National Party?
The National Party was the government responsible for the implementation of apartheid which initially supported Afrikaans but later switched to white supremacy.
Policies and Apartheid Legislation
Apartheid laws included the restriction of mixed marriages, limiting education, banning protests and job unions, land control of non-whites, and non-white political representation.
What was the Sharpeville Massacre?
20,000 people (from the ANC and other organizations) gathered at a police station at the town of Sharpeville in March 21, 1960, and according to the police the protestors began throwing stones at the police. The police began shooting at the protestors, killing 69 blacks and injuring 180. 11,000 people were detained and the ANC and PAC were outlawed.
What was the Bantu Education Act?
The word “bantu” comes from what the government used to call black South Africans. The act began in 1954 which forced the black children to go to government controlled schools. These schools taught the children only skills that were deemed suitable by the government for their race / gender such as manual labor.
What was the Rivonia Trial?
This was a monumental trial involving anti-apartheid activists such as Nelson Mandela, where he gave his “I am ready to die” speech. He was found guilty and imprisoned for life along with 7 others. (1963-1964).
What was the Treason Trial?
A trial held in 1956 after a raid accusing 156 people (including Mandela) of treason against South Africa for adopting the Freedom Charter at the Congress of People in Kliptown, South Africa in 1955. The trial gave light to the fact that the ANC was non-violent, which made the ANC question whether it was effective or not.
What was the Pass Law?
It was an internal passport system in South Africa that restricted the movements of people who weren’t classified highly. Passes were given to people which said where a person could be or could not be. In 1952, one massive Pass Law Act was passed. These passes caused the protest at Sharpeville to happen.
What was the Group Areas Act?
It was an act implemented throughout several years from 1950-1952 with the main purpose to exclude people of color form living in the most developed areas, mostly only open to the whites.
What was the Population Registration Act?
The requirement set in 1950 for every South African citizen to be classified by their racial character.
What was the Freedom Charter?
The core statements of the anti-apartheid movement such as the ANC and its allies. It demands for land for all the landless, living wages for less hours, free and desegregated education, and officially adopted in June 26, 1955 by the ANC.
Who was Nelson Mandela?
Born 1918 and died in 2013, he was an anti-apartheid activist primarily in the ANC who served in prison for 27 years. After he was released, he became the first colored president of South Africa. He is also the protagonist of the film “Invictus” which is a film about uniting a recently apartheid-removed South Africa.
Who was Steve Biko?
He started the Black Consciousness Movement which heavily supported the protests against apartheid, leading to the Soweto Uprising in 1976. He died from police brutality after he was arrested in 1977, and became a political martyr.
Who was F.W. de Clerk?
He was the South African president from August of 1989. Even though he was a white man, he was more open minded and allowed protests against the government and even freed members of the ANC such as Nelson Mandela. He tore apartheid down enough that even non-whites could run for office.
Who was Desmond Tutu?
He was the bishop of a popular Catholic Church in South Africa and was an anti-apartheid activist. He won a Nobel Peace Prize for being a unifying leader figure to resolve apartheid.
Who was Walter Sisulu?
He was an anti-activist who worked with people such as Nelson Mandela and was charged in the Rivonia Trial as well. He was also on the Central Committee for South African Communist Party as well.
What was the impact of apartheid on the Cold War?
The US wanted to remain allies with South Africa against the communist Soviet Union, which caused the US to be allied with apartheid-ran South Africa which did not help the case against apartheid.
Chinese Civil War- when, where, who, the basics, etc.
Two major parties, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the Kuomintang (KMT) had fought for the right to govern China. It began in August 1, 1927 and ended in December 7, 1929. The CCP came out victorious, and the KMT escaped to an island nearby to establish Taiwan.
Great Leap Forward- when, where, who, the basics, etc.
The Great Leap Forward was established in 1958 by the chairman of the CCP, Mao Zedong. It’s main goal was to fight the industrial and agricultural problems in China by causing mass industrialization. Every citizen was forced to offer every bit of steel they had and a furnace was in at least every village. It set unrealistic demands for the citizens, killing over 30 million.
Cultural Revolution- when, where, who, the basics, etc.
The Cultural Revolution was launched by Mao Zedong in 1966 with the purpose of renewing the spirit of the Civil War, fearing that China was becoming too similar to the Soviets. Mao used the Red Guards to terrify the citizens, leading to even acts of cannibalism.
Who was Mao Zedong?
Mao Zedong was the chairman of the CCP born in 1893 and was chairman until he died in 1976. He is commonly regarded as the architect for “new China” and is responsible for the Cultural Revolution and the Great Leap Forward.
Who was Chiang Kai-shek?
Chiang Kai-shek was the military leader of the KMT army and later became the leader of Taiwan after his loss in the Chinese Civil War. He remained leader until he passed away in 1975.
Who was Zhu De?
He was the commander of the 8th route army in the Chinese Civil War, fighting for the CCP’s side. He ranked first among the ten marshals and was a prominent political figure in the People’s Republic of China.
Who was Jiang Qing?
Mao Zedong’s 3rd wife and a major political figure in the Cultural Revolution. She oversaw a majority of the suppression of culture in China and was arrested after Mao’s passing, and committed suicide.
Who was Lin Biao?
Lin Biao was a communist marshal and politician who played a key role in the victory of the communists in the Chinese civil war. He also held the title of Vice Chairmen in 1958. However, he was said to conspire and be against Mao and only held a relation with him for power.
Who was Zhou Enlai?
He was a leading figure in the CCP and premier. He also became the First Vice Chairman of the CCP and third line to be Mao’s successor. He was accused of not being in line with Mao’s beliefs when he was suggesting some people should be back in office, but backed down when threatened to be seen as an enemy.
Who was Deng Xiaoping?
He worked under Mao during his reign over China. He was a secretary-general and vice premier to the CCP, and after Mao’s passing became the new leader of China. He brought a more open and capitalistic economy to China which greatly boosted their economy.
Famine in China
It mainly occurred during 1959 and 1961 and was one of many consequences from the Great Leap Forward, which caused inefficient farming techniques and insufficient distribution of food. It is estimated that 15-55 million people died from this famine.
Industrialization in China
Mao Zedong released a Five-Year Plan along with the Great Leap Forward which was a massive campaign for rapid industrialization in China. The steel industry played a big role because Mao wanted farmers to begin creating steel instead of focusing on agriculture.
Targeted intellectuals, secret police, Red Army, etc.
In fear of intellectuals spreading non-communist ideals and being able to become an opposition to him, he made sure the intellectuals such as doctors were targeted by the Red Army to be suppressed (almost 550,000). Mao also suppressed any opposition by using mass propaganda to keep his ideals as the strongest.
The Impact of the Great Leap Forward
Although the industrial output saw a massive increase to 19% an year, millions of people died and much of China’s culture was suppressed to fit only Mao’s ideals.
Iranian Revolution Basics
The revolution began in 1978 as an attempt to overthrow the Pahlavi monarchy in Iran for trying to Westernize and try to make the country less religious. The Shah was overthrown and Ayatollah Khomeini was the ruler of now a theocratic government in early 1979. An important event during this time was the Black Friday Massacre, where the Shah’s military killed almost a 100 people for causing civil unrest.
Who was Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi?
He was the Shah of Iran before the revolution until he was overthrown in 1979. He had very good relations to the US and wanted to push Iran to be more western like the US. He fled to Egypt, the Bahamas, and to the US after he was overthrown.
Who was Ayatolla Ruhollah Khomeini?
He was a cleric in Iran who led the Iranian revolution and became the theatrical leader of Iran after overthrowing the Shah. He was very anti-western and caused the Iranian Hostage Crisis to occur. He also refused to be peaceful in the Iran-Iraq war in hopes of overthrowing Saddam Hussein, but eventually approved a cease-fire. He ruled until his death in 1989.
Basics of the Islamic Republic of Iran
After Khomeini became the new leader of Iran, he ordered the execution of anyone loyal to the Shah. As a theatrical government, the law heavily was dependent on Islamic beliefs as well.
Islamic Fundamentalism
Fundamentalism is the belief that a religious text (such as the Qur’an) should be the ruling text of the land. The three main texts Islamic fundamentalism follows is the Qur’an, Hadith, and Sunnah.
The Iranian Hostage Crisis
When the US refused to send Shah Pahlavi back to Iran in 1979 to be punished, students in the US embassy of Iran took 53 Americans hostage and were only all released in 1980. Since then, the US and Iran has had no formal diplomatic relationships.
What was the role of the clergy in Iran
Shi’ite clergies in Iran had a broad social network and is effective at mobilizing the Iranian masses. The clergies were also independent from the government until Khomeini rose to power, in which they became richer and more powerful.
Shi’ites vs Sunnis
The Shi’ites are a minority (<250M) of the Muslims and believe that leadership should only stay within the family of the prophet, while the Sunnis believed leadership should go to whoever is deemed to be elite of the community.
British Colonization of India
In the early 1600’s, the British East India Company won the trading rights of the Mughal Empire. Since the 1800’s, the company had controlled essentially 3/5ths on India. Once they were attacked by sepoys, the British fought back and conquered India. During the rule, the British brought many western concepts such as western education, Christianity, abolishment of slavery, abolishment of the caste system, and the end of the oppression on women. However, the British only used India for money and resources.
What was Civil Disobedience in India?
The refusal to obey unjust laws. It was heavily favored by Ghandi.
Who was Gandhi and were his peaceful protests?
Gandhi was an Indian man who was raised and learned law in London. He was a middle classed man who united the classes and fought against the discriminative law against India. However, he never used violence and would only use peaceful methods of protesting such as marches, hunger strikes, or boycotting.
What was the Quit India movement?
The Quit India Movement was started by Gandhi in 1942 with the purpose of trying to end British rule in India. Many of the Indian National Congress leaders were arrested without a trial and many began to protest or even cause violent actions against the British, which eventually combined with US pressure caused Britain to give up on India.
What was the Salt March and its Impact?
The Salt March was another peaceful protest organized by Gandhi which he traveled 240 miles, gathering supporters along the way to make their own salt, breaking the law. This sparked a nationwide civil disobedience against the Salt Laws. After doing this, he was arrested soon after along with 60,000 other people. Britain received international backlash for this, and later gave in and gave freedom to India.
Who was Jawaharlal Nehru?
He was an anti-colonial nationalist who was supported by Gandhi and a key member of the Indian nationalist movement. He later became the first prime minister of India after getting its freedom.
Who was Muhammad Ali Jinnah?
He was the founder and first governor of Pakistan, which formed as a result from India being decided to not be able to be a mix of Hindus and Muslims. India became a majority-Hindu country while Pakistan became a majority-Muslim country.
What is the Punjab Region?
The Punjab Region spans across Northern India to Eastern Pakistan and is a very prosperous state. Punjab means “Five Rivers” for the five rivers it is near. The current region is split into two; the East and West.
What is the Radcliffe Line?
The Radcliffe line is the boundaries for the provinces of Punjab and Bengal which lies on both India and Pakistan.
What was the Patrician of India?
The Partition of India was change of borders between India and Pakistan after its independence. The Partition caused 15 million people of various religious beliefs to try to run to the other country to seek sanction due to the hurried borders that were decided, but in massacres almost 2 million people were killed. Important people are Nehru and Jinnah who discussed how the minority Muslims should be divided from the majority Hindus.
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