Theoretical Exam #2 (6-10, 13)
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In Chapter 6, Control theories are what level or analysis, macro or micro?
Micro
Who is the first control theorist, and when?
Reiss, 1951
Which control theorist added the idea of self regulation/control (like a conscience)
Nye
Who is the most famous control theorist?
Hirschi
When was Hirschi’s famous theory published?
1969
What is Hirschi’s theory called?
Social Bonds Theory
Social Bonds Theory tries to understand not why we commit crime but…
Why don’t we commit crime, or why do we conform to society
Social Bonds Theory is composed of four social bonds that conform us to society, what are they?
Attachment, Commitment, Involvement, Belief (ACIB)
Who wrote the update to Hirschi’s Social Bonds Theory?
Hirschi and Gottfredson
When was Hirschi and Gottfredson’s update to social bonds theory written?
1990
What theory is the update to Social Bonds theory?
A General Theory of Crime (Low Self Control/Self Control Theory)
Self-Control Theory is important because why? hint; why is it called a GENERAL theory of crime?
The theory states that low self control explains ALL types of crime in ALL situations. It says that it is the cause of crime in all theories
According to Self-Control theory, what is the source of low self control?
Ineffective parenting before age 8
According to Self-Control Theory, after age 8, what happens to a person’s self control?
It becomes stable; in other words, it becomes unchangeable
What level of analysis is Labeling theory? Macro or Micro?
Macro, because it talks about how GROUPS in society are labeled
According to Labeling theory, The term, Looking Glass Self, means what?
We become what we think others think we are
According to Labeling theory, the term, Symbolic Interactionism, means what
A person’s identity is shaped by others (relationships to parents/friends/teachers)
According to Labeling theory, a systemic response to crime does what?
A systemic response INCREASES crime
Labeling theory is not concerned with behavior but with what?
Labels attached to behaviors (from whom, to whom, and the effects of)
Labels are attached in response to what and also in an attempt to do what?
Criminality, and to try to reduce crime
What are the two types of Deviance in Labeling theory?
PRIMARY Deviance, and SECONDARY deviance
What is Primary Deviance?
Non-serious, random acts of deviance that are common in teenage years but is usually not detected by family/CJ system therefore labeling doesn’t happen at this stage (drinking, smoking, speeding tickets)
What is Secondary Deviance?
Deviant acts that happen after a person is officially labeled, more serious, people that do these acts are defined by the label.
When was Labeling theory developed?
1960’s
What was the update to Labeling Theory and when was it published?
Reintegrative Shaming, 1990
Who is the author of Reintegrative Shaming?
Braithwaite
According to Reintegrative shaming theory, there are two types of shaming in society, what are they?
Reintegrative Shaming, and Disintegrative shaming
What is disintegrative shaming?
Labeling the person without making an attempt to accept them back into the community (in other words, what we currently do as a society to criminals)
Disintegrative Shaming leads crime rates to do what?
Crime rates INCREASE
What is Reintegrative Shaming
Shaming a person or criminal then attempting to reintegrate them back into society through words of forgiveness and ceremonies
Reintegrative Shaming leads crime rates to do what?
Crime rates DECREASE
Reintegrative Shaming is built on WHAT CONCEPT?
Communitarianism; we’re all in this together
Reintegrative Shaming Theory is at what level or analysis, Micro or Macro?
Reintegrative shaming is macro
With disintegrative shaming, we shame who?
The person, not the behavior
with reintegrative shaming, we shame who?
The behavior, not the person
What are policy implications of Reintegrative Shaming theory?
Restorative Justice
Who is the author of social disorganization theory?
Shaw and McKay
When was social disorganization theory created?
1940s
Social disorganization is at what level of analysis, macro or micro?
Macro because it talks about neighborhood crime rates
What is the most valid theory at the MACRO level?
Social disorganization theory
What is the most valid theory at the MICRO level?
Social Learning Theory
According to Social Disorganization theory, what causes social disorganization in a neighborhood?
(3 P’s) Poverty, Population Turnover, Population Heterogeneity
what is social disorganization; what does it mean?
a community/neighborhood is unable to realize common values and effectively control youth and the cultural transmission of delinquent values
What hypothesis led to social disorganization theory?
Concentric Zone Hypothesis
Social disorganization theory was based on what instead of an idea?
DATA, not an IDEA
What are the FOUR components of social disorganization that LEAD TO CRIME?
Weak Informal Social Control
Needs Not being Met
Weak Socialization
Youth running free/lack of social control/transmission of criminal values
What is Weak Informal Social Control?
People not looking out for each other in neighborhoods (Neighborhood watch, hey I saw a strange car outside your house)
Who is the first major Anomie/Strain author?
Merton
When did Merton publish his major work?
1938
What level of analysis is Anomie theory? Macro or Micro?
Macro, because it talks about anomie in society and its relation to higher crime rates
Define Anomie; What does it mean?
A state of normlessness, society without norms
According to Anomie theory, Societal culture is divided into two things, what are they?
Societal goals (ENDS) and institutionalized/legal MEANS
According to Anomie theory, when there is a disparity of focus (MORE FOCUS) placed upon the goals and the means are sublimated (SEEN AS LESS IMPORTANT), what happens?
Anomie results
According to Merton, the presence of Anomie explains what in U.S. society?
the presence of higher crime rates
According to Anomie theory, U.S. society puts a disproportionate focus on what?
economic institutions
What level of analysis is Strain Theory, Micro or Macro?
Micro, because it explains strain in individual people as opposed to societies
According to Merton, individuals experience strain when they accept societal goals (American Dream) but do not have the means to attain those goals because of what? hint; what causes them to not reach those goals?
They experience blocked opportunities
According to Merton, what are 5 MODES of adaptation to strain?
Conformity
Innovation
Ritualism
Rebellion
In Conformity, how does a person adapt to strain?
They accept both ends (PLUS) and means (MINUS)
In Innovation, how does a person adapt to strain?
They accept ends (PLUS) but reject means (MINUS)
In Ritualism, how does a person adapt to strain?
They reject ends (MINUS) but accept means (PLUS)
In Retreatism, how does a person adapt to strain?
They reject both ends (MINUS) and means (MINUS)
In Rebellion, how does a person adapt to strain?
They reject both ends (MINUS) and means (MINUS) but substitute them for their own definitions, they create new ones
What is considered to be the update to strain theory?
General Strain Theory
When was General Strain Theory published?
1992
Who is the author of General Strain Theory?
Robert Agnew
According to Agnew, strain doesn’t just result from blocked economic opportunities but from what three things?
Failure to achieve goals
Loss of positively valued stimuli
Presentation with negative/noxious stimuli
What is an example of “failure to achieve goals”?
Not getting your bachelors degree, not getting that job you wanted
What is an example of “Loss of positively valued stimuli”?
Losing something that was important to you
What is an example of “Presentation of negative stimuli”?
Having to do something you hate
Why is General Strain Theory called “General”?
because it is much more broad in its focus; in other words, it explains how strain comes from not just economics but all other things in life.
An important idea in Social Disorganization theory is that crime is caused by what, instead of a person being a certain race/ethnicity
The environment; crime is the result of place, NOT race
Conflict Theory seeks to explain what?
The formation of laws
Behavior of the criminal justice system
Criminality
According to Conflict Theory, society is in a constant state of conflict between who?
Different groups with opposing ideologies
According to Conflict Theory, the state of conflict between opposing groups results in what?
An acquisition of power; the powerful are then able to define laws and control the CJ system
According to Conflict theorists, How do the powerful control law formation?
They get to decide what behaviors are legal or illegal, who’s behavior is illegal and who’s aren’t (rich people, white collar crime vs poor people crime)
According to Conflict theorists, how do the powerful control the CJ system?
The powerful are able to influence how police, courts, and corrections operate and what it should focus more on (Poor people/minorities)
Conflict theory seeks to explain not why people commit crime, but what?
Why certain behaviors are illegal and others are not
According to Conflict Theory, the creation and enforcement of the law is meant to serve who?
The rich and powerful
According to Conflict Theory, what is the consensus perspective?
Laws reflect the common interests of society
What is the conflict perspective on law?
Law is the byproduct of conflict. law simply reflects and protects the interests of those with power
In conflict theory, what is pluralistic conflict?
A mix between both consensus and conflict perspectives, some consensus is still important in society, ie; Most people agree with laws about violent crimes but not everyone agrees with laws on punishing white collar crimes
According to Conflict Theory, crime is a product of what?
the powerless continuing to act in accordance with their group’s norms in a capitalist society
What does Feminist Theory focus the most on?
Male dominance (The Patriarchy)
Feminist theorists seek to incorporate both sex (biological) and gender (social status) into their explanation of what?
Operation of the CJ system, individual criminality
What is the patriarchy?
A social system in which the father is the head of the family, has authority over women, children. in other words, society is based on this system which is controlled by men
According to Feminist theory, criminal justice decisions reflect what?
the patriarchy,
It is a way to reinforce traditional gender roles
According to feminist theory, what is the Chivalry hypothesis?
The systemic favoring of females, being more lenient to them (putting women on a pedestal because we admire/respect them)
According to feminist theory, what is the Paternalism Hypothesis?
being more lenient to women because of patriarchal views; in other words because they are too weak and emotional to learn from punishment
According to feminist theory, what are the four major risk factors for crime?
Family relations
Educational/vocational achievement
Personality
Attitudes/Associations