miller and levine: regulation

resting potential

charge across their cell membrane

where does resting potential come from?

active transport of K+ and Na+ ions across the membrane

resting potential

charge across their cell membrane

where does resting potential come from?

active transport of K+ and Na+ ions across the membrane

how does the inside of the cell become negative

because there is a highger concentration of K+ ions inside the cell, some goout of the cell causing the inside to become negatively charged, producing the resting potential

action potential

the reversal of charges during a an impulse

when does an impulse begin

when a neuron is stimulated by another neuron or by the environment

hypothalamus

makes hormones that control the

pituitary gland

regulates hormones that regulate many of the other endocrine glands and some organs

adrenal glands

releases adrenaline in times of stress

pineal gland

releases melatonin

thyroid

produces thyroxine

thyroxine

regulates metabolism

pancreas

produces insulin, and glucagon

insulin and glucagon

regulate the level of glucose int eh blood

ovaries

produce estrogen

testes

produce testosterone

what does the hypothalamus do concerning the pituitary gland

controls its secretions

releasing hormones

has other endocrine glands as target

epinepherine and norepinepherine

fight or flight, increase heart rate and widen air massageways

is the pancreas an exocrine or endocrin gland

both

islets of langerhans

clusters of cells that secrete insulin and glucagon

cycle of negative feedback in insulin and glucagon

1. food intake icnreases blood glucose level

2. insulin promotes glucose uptake

3. blood glucose level drops

4. glucagon promotes breakdown of glycogen

   1. food intake increases blood glucose and so on

diabetes full title

diabetes ellitus

prostaglandins

modified fatty acids that are produced by a wide range of cells. local hormones, usually cause muscles to contract

prostaglandins in other words

local hormones produced by almost all cells

steroid hormones

once in the cell, steroid hormones enter the nucleus and change the pattern of gene expression in a target cell

how does a steroid hormonne change gene expression

1. steroid hormone enters a cell through cell membrane

2. binds to receptor made for it

3. enters nucleus and goes to dna region

4. initiates transcription of genes

   1. Rna moves into cytoplasm and directs protein synthesis causing altered cellular function

nonsteroid hormones

bind to receptors on celll membranes and cause the release of secondary messengers that affect cell activites

how does a nonsteroid hormone work

1. binds to receptors on the cell membrane

2. binding activates enzymes on inner surface

3. enzymes release secondary messengers like calcium ions to relay hormones message

   1. secondary messengers activate or inhibit cell activities

thyroxine

increases metabolic rate

what is needed to produce thyroxine

iodine

what hormones does thyroid produce

thryoxine, calcitonin, PTH

calparathyroid hormone

increases calcium levels

how is water balance maintained

1. when dhehydrated, more adh

2. thirst

3. drinking

4. less adh

5. sweating

   1. loop

where is adh produced

hypothalamus

what controls the activity of the thyroid gland

hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland

what happens when thyroxine level is lo

releases TRH to stimulate anterior pituitary to make thyroid simulating hormone. tsh then causes thyroid gland to secrete thyroxine. thyroxine then inhibits the ability to produce trh and tsh

corticosteroids

two dozen steroid hormones produced by adrenal cortex

how do acth and cortisol work/ have the same function

cortisol increase causes acth decrease which causes cortisol decrease which causes acth increase and so on and so forth

sutherland

studied how:

lots of glucose → or ← glycogen+lots of H20

cori and cori

studied glycogen metabolism