BIOL 117 Hubbard Final Review Module

Dog breeders maintain the purity of breeds by keeping dogs of different breeds apart when they are fertile. This kind of isolation is most similar to which of the following reproductive isolating mechanisms?

Habitat isolation

Swine are vulnerable to infection by bird flu virus and human flu virus, which can both be present in an individual pig at the same time. When this occurs, it is possible for genes from bird flu virus and human flu virus to be combined. If the human flu virus contributes a gene for Tamiflu resistance (Tamiflu is an antiviral drug) to the new virus, and if the new virus is introduced to an environment lacking Tamiflu, then what is most likely to occur?

If the Tamiflu-resistance gene involves a cost, it will experience directional selection leading to reduction in its frequency.

Which term describes a steady state in which the internal conditions of an organism are kept within a narrow range without regard to the external conditions?

Regulatory homeostasis.

Which of the following actions is not a function of the epithelium?

Allows the internal environment to alter its conditions to match those of the external environment.

True or false? Organisms must maintain homeostasis because optimal enzyme activity is achieved within a very narrow range of conditions.

True

Which component of a homeostatic system compares sensory information to a target value?

Integrator

Which component of a homeostatic system perceives changes in some parameter of the environment?

Sensor

Which of the following actions acts to warm a homeothermic body?

Shivering.

Which of the following statements describes a negative feedback response?

After a meal, blood sugar levels in the body rise; insulin is secreted to lower blood sugar levels.

The Bohr shift on the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is produced by changes in _____.

pH

When using a cladistic approach to systematics, which of the following is considered most important for classification?

shared derived characters

The cause of genetic drift is sampling error, which occurs:

when allele frequencies of a chosen subset of a population are different from those in the total population, by chance.

The body fluids of an osmoconformer would be _____ with its _____ environment

isoosmotic; saltwater

If you think of the earthworm body plan as a drinking straw within a pipe, where would you expect to find most of the tissues that developed from endoderm?

Lining the inside of the straw

The filtrate formed in the renal corpuscle is analogous to the _____ formed in Malpighian tubules.

Lining the inside of the straw

The filtrate formed in the renal corpuscle is analogous to the _____ formed in Malpighian tubules.

pre-urine

If you were using cladistics to build a phylogenetic tree of cats, which of the following would be the best outgroup?

wolf

Suppose 64 percent of people living in a remote, isolated mountain village can taste phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) and must, therefore, have at least one copy of the dominant PTC taster allele. If this population conforms to Hardy-Weinberg expectations for this gene, what percentage of the population must be heterozygous for this trait?

48%

When nonrandom mating occurs in a population so that individuals prefer to mate with similar individuals, allele frequencies should

remain the same, but homozygotes will be overrepresented in the population.

The advantage of excreting nitrogenous wastes as urea rather than as ammonia is that _____.

urea is less toxic than ammonia

An organism that exhibits cephalization probably also _____.

is bilaterally symmetrical

According to the endosymbiotic theory, why was it adaptive for the larger (host) cell to keep the engulfed cell alive, rather than digesting it as food?

The engulfed cell provided the host cell with adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

Most carbon dioxide is carried from the body tissues to the lungs _____.

as bicarbonate ions (HCO3 -)

By picking up hydrogen ions, hemoglobin prevents the blood from becoming too _____.

acidic

In the blood most of the oxygen that will be used in cellular respiration is carried from the lungs to the body tissues _____.

combined with hemoglobin.

In a small population of alpine foxes, you observe increased ear length over a 10-year period. Can you conclude that increase in ear length is advantageous in this population?

No

About 3 million years ago, the Isthmus of Panama (a narrow strip of land connecting North and South America) formed, dividing marine organisms into Pacific and Caribbean populations. Researchers have examined species of snapping shrimp on both sides of the isthmus. Based on the morphological species concept, there appeared to be seven pairs of species, with one species of each pair in the Pacific and the other in the Caribbean. The different species pairs live at somewhat different depths in the ocean. Using mitochondrial DNA sequences, the researchers estimated phylogenies and found that each of these species pairs, separated by the isthmus were indeed each other's closest relatives. The researchers investigated mating in the lab and found that many species pairs were not very interested in courting with each other, and any that did mate almost never produced fertile offspring.
The sister populations on opposite si

the morphological species, biological species, and phylogenetic species concepts

Which of the following statements is true?

The kidneys are paired organs that regulate water and electrolyte balance in terrestrial vertebrates.

What is the basic functional unit of the kidney?

The nephron.

Which of the following represents the correct sequence of flow through the nephron?

Renal corpuscle > proximal tubule > loop of Henle > distal tubule > collecting duct

What is the driving force for the filtration of blood by the renal corpuscle?

Higher pressure in glomerular capillaries than in the surrounding Bowman's capsule.

Which regions of the nephron function independently of hormonal control for the most part?

Renal corpuscle, proximal tubule, and loop of Henle.

In which region of the nephron is a steep osmotic gradient created?

Loop of Henle.

Which of the following statements best describes the actions of the hormone ADH on the nephron?

ADH causes the collecting duct to increase water reabsorption by the surrounding tissue under conditions of dehydration.

Which of these structures contains a male gametophyte?

E

In pines, the female gametophyte contains _____, each of which contains a(n) _____.

archegonia ... egg

In pines, an embryo is a(n) _____.

immature sporophyte

In pine trees, pollen grains get to the ovule via the _____.

micropyle

Which of these statements is true about the gametophyte tissue that surrounds the pine embryo?

It functions as a haploid food reserve.

Of the four haploid cells produced by a pine cone's megasporocyte (megaspore mother cell), _____ survive(s).

one

In the pine, microsporangia form _____ microspores by _____.

haploid ... meiosis

Most Swiss starlings produce four to five eggs in each clutch. Starlings producing fewer or more than this have reduced fitness. Which of the following terms best describes this situation?

stabilizing selection

In the following figure, the isthmus separates the Pacific Ocean on the left (side A) from the Atlantic Ocean on the right (side B). The seawater on either side of the isthmus is separated into five depth habitats (1-5), with 1 being the shallowest. The Panama Canal was completed in 1914, and its depth is about 50 feet. After 1914, snapping shrimp species from which habitats should be most likely to form hybrids as the result of the canal?

A1 and B1

What type of epithelium would you expect to find covering a surface subject to physical forces?

stratified epithelium

What type of epithelial tissue, found in the intestines, absorbs nutrients?

simple columnar epithelium

Which of these tissues, found in the lungs, permits gas exchange by diffusion?

simple squamous epithelium

What type of epithelial tissue lines kidney tubules?

simple cuboidal cells

Panting by an overheated dog achieves cooling by ________.

evaporation

The receptor for the steroid hormone estradiol is found ________.

primarily within the nucleus

Ichthyosaurs, now extinct, were aquatic reptiles with dorsal fins and tails, similar to those of fish. Their most recent ancestors were terrestrial reptiles that had neither dorsal fins nor aquatic tails. The dorsal fins and tails of ichthyosaurs and fish are ________.

adaptations to a common environment and examples of convergent evolution

What is the goal of bioremediation?

to clean up areas polluted with toxic compounds by using bacteria

Fungi with hyphae ________.

are adapted for rapid directional growth to new food sources

Which of the following is characteristic of a steroid hormone action?

Cytosolic hormone receptor binding

About 450 million years ago, the terrestrial landscape on Earth would have ________.

had nonvascular green plants similar to liverworts forming green mats on rock

A cell with membrane-bound proteins that selectively bind a specific hormone is called the ________ for that hormone,

target cell

Which type of selection tends to increase genetic variation?

Disruptive selection

In a bell-shaped curve, the x-axis (horizontal direction) of the graph represents which of the following?

The value of a particular characteristic; characteristics of an organism can include such traits as size and color.

True or false? Heterozygote advantage refers to the tendency for heterozygous individuals to have better fitness than homozygous individuals. This higher fitness results in less genetic variation in the population.

False

Long necks make it easier for giraffes to reach leaves high on trees, while also making them better fighters in "neck wrestling" contests. In both cases, which kind of selection appears to have made giraffes the long-necked creatures they are today?

Directional selection

Women often have complications during labor while giving birth to very large babies, whereas very small babies tend to be underdeveloped. Which kind of selection is most likely at work regarding the birth weight of babies?

Stabilizing selection

Black-bellied seedcrackers have either small beaks (better for eating soft seeds) or large beaks (better for hard seeds). There are no seeds of intermediate hardness; therefore, which kind of selection acts on beak size in seedcrackers?

Disruptive selection

Small Aristelliger lizards have difficulty defending territories, but large lizards are more likely to be preyed upon by owls. Which kind of selection acts on the adult body size of these lizards?

Stabilizing selection

Among protostomes, which morphological trait has shown the most variation?

Type of body cavity (coelom versus pseudocoelom versus no coelom)

What property of steroid hormones allows them to cross the phospholipid bilayer?

Steroid hormones are lipid soluble.

Animals with a cephalized body structure would be better able to ________.

detect and obtain food

The peppered moth provides a well-known example of natural selection. The light-colored form of the moth was predominant in England before the Industrial Revolution. In the mid-nineteenth century, a dark-colored form appeared. The difference is produced by a dominant allele of one gene. The dark- and light-colored forms readily interbreed with each other. By about 1900, approximately 90 percent of the moths around industrial areas were dark colored, whereas light-colored moths were still abundant elsewhere. Apparently, birds could readily find the light moths against the soot-darkened background in industrial areas and, therefore, were eating more light moths. Recently, use of cleaner fuels has greatly reduced soot in the landscape, and the dark-colored moths have been disappearing. Should the two forms of moths be considered separate species?

No

Marine vertebrates are _____ to their environment.

hypotonic

Air rushes into the lungs of humans during inhalation because ________.

the rib muscles and diaphragm contract, increasing the lung volume and decreasing the pressure within the lungs

In the following figure, the isthmus separates the Pacific Ocean on the left (side A) from the Atlantic Ocean on the right (side B). The seawater on either side of the isthmus is separated into five depth habitats (1-5), with 1 being the shallowest. Why should deepwater shrimp on different sides of the isthmus have diverged from each other earlier than shallow-water shrimp?

They have been geographically isolated from each other for a longer time.

When a mosquito infected with Plasmodium first bites a human, the Plasmodium _____.

cells infect the human liver cells

Which of the following is TRUE of all horizontally oriented phylogenetic trees, where time advances to the right?

The common ancestor represented by a branch point farther right existed more recently in time than the common ancestors represented at branch points located farther to the left.

All sponges ________.

are sessile and benthic as adults

Among vertebrate animals, urea is ________.

made in the liver by combining ammonia molecules or amino groups.

Prokaryotes are classified as belonging to two different domains. What are the domains?

Bacteria and Archaea

When pathogenic fungi are found growing on the roots of grape vines, grape farmers sometimes respond by covering the ground around their vines with plastic sheeting and pumping a gaseous fungicide into the soil. The most important concern of grape farmers who engage in this practice should be that the _____.

fungicide might also kill mycorrhizae

What is genetic drift?

A change in allele frequencies caused by random events

Why are the large finches now living on the Galápagos Islands different from the original source population from a nearby island?

All three answers are correct:
-Natural selection favored individuals that were more fit in the new environment.
-Genetic drift occurred in the two populations.
-The separation of habitats reduced gene flow between the populations.

True or false? The last ice age produced many different species mainly because populations dispersed and colonized new habitats.

False

Which of the following statements about reinforcement is true?

Reinforcement is a type of natural selection.

A subset of a population of birds leaves its habitat on the mainland and colonizes a nearby island. The birds, after a period of time, become reproductively isolated. The island sinks and the population of birds that lived on the island returns to itsoriginal habitat. Which of the following statements about these bird populations is true?

The populations will not be able to interbreed because they are different species.

A population of birds colonizes an area in which the insects upon which they feed live inside trees. Which of the following events accounts for an observed increase in average beak size in the bird population over time?

Increased fitness of large-beaked birds, leading to natural selection

True or false? A flood that separates a population of frogs onto opposite sides of a lake is an example of a vicariance event that may result in allopatric speciation.

True

Among the organisms listed here, which are thought to be the closest relatives of fungi?

Animals + choanoflagellates

To maintain homeostasis freshwater fish must _____.

excrete large quantities of water

Which of these represents the sporophyte generation of the moss life cycle?

E

In moss, _____ produce sperm.

antheridia

The sperm produced by mosses require _____ to reach an archegonium.

moisture

In mosses gametes are produced by _____; in ferns gametes are produced by _____.

mitosis ... mitosis

Two populations of birds with somewhat different coloration live on opposite sides of a peninsula. The habitat between the populations is not suitable for these birds. When birds from the two populations are brought together, they produce young whose appearance is intermediate between the two parents. These offspring will breed with each other or with birds from either parent population, and all offspring of these pairings appear intermediate to various degrees.The two populations are ________.

different subspecies, under the morphological species concept

According to the evidence collected so far, the animal kingdom is _____.

monophyletic

Which of the following describes the most likely order of events in allopatric speciation?

1. genetic isolation
2. genetic drift
3. divergence

How does connective tissue differ from the other three major tissue types?

Connective tissue often consists of relatively few cells embedded in an extracellular matrix.

Which of these describes loose connective tissue?

It is a loose weave of fibers that functions as a packing material.

Cartilage is found _____.

at the ends of bones such as the femur

_____ is the connective tissue specialized for transport.

Blood

Soon after the island of Hawaii rose above the sea surface (somewhat less than 1 million years ago) and organisms colonized the island, the evolution of life on this new island should have been most strongly influenced by ________.

founder effects

If you are hiking through the desert for several days, which of the following should you drink to ensure proper hydration?

a drink with a combination of water and electrolytes

What explains the ability of honeybees to use heat to kill invading hornets?

Honeybees are better adapted to high temperatures than hornets.

The digestive system of most animals is lined with cells through which nutrients are absorbed. What is the embryonic origin of these cells?

endoderm

Which of the following is an example of homoplasy?

cell walls in plants and fungi