Cell Division

Chromosomes are made up of __________ combined with proteins.

DNA molecules

A __________ is a section of DNA which codes for a protein.

gene

There are __________ chromosomes in the nucleus of human body cells.

46

There are __________ chromosomes in the nucleus of gametes.

23

Chromosomes in a body cell nucleus are arranged in __________.

pairs

The three main stages of the cell cycle are: 1. __________ , 2. Mitosis, 3. Division of cell.

Replication of DNA and synthesis of organelles

Mitosis is important because it produces __________ cells with the same genetic information.

identical

The first stage of the cell cycle is the __________ stage.

longest

During the first stage of the cell cycle, cells grow and __________ in mass.

increase

In the second stage of the cell cycle, each chromosome in a pair is pulled to __________ of the cell.

opposite poles

The third stage of the cell cycle is when the __________ and cell membrane divide.

cytoplasm

A stem cell is an __________ cell capable of differentiating into other cell types.

unspecialised

The function of stem cells in embryos is to __________ themselves and differentiate into many other types of cells.

replicate

Adult stem cells can differentiate into several cell types to replace __________ tissues.

dead or damaged

Meristem stem cells in plants can differentiate into __________ type of plant cell throughout their lifespan.

any

Therapeutic cloning is a method where an embryo is produced with the same __________ as the patient.

genetic makeup

Advantages of cloning plants using meristem stem cells include preventing rare plants from becoming __________.

extinct

Many embryonic stem cells are sourced from __________ embryos, which some people object to.

aborted

Development of stem cell therapies is often __________, expensive and difficult.

slow

Adult stem cells infected with viruses could transfer __________ to patients.

infections

If donor stem cells do not have a similar genetic makeup to the patient, an __________ could be triggered.

immune response

The cell cycle includes stages such as DNA replication and __________.

synthesis of organelles

The purpose of mitosis is to produce __________ from a single mother cell.

daughter cells

In an adult, stem cells in bone marrow form many different types of __________ cells.

blood

Stem cells in embryos may potentially treat __________ and diabetes by replacing damaged cells.

paralysis

Chromosomes in human cells are organized into __________ pairs, making a total of 46.

23

Gene function relates to coding for __________ in cellular processes.

proteins

During mitosis, chromosomes are pulled apart towards __________ poles.

opposite

After mitosis, the final stage results in the division of the __________ and cell membrane.

cytoplasm

Stem cells retain the ability to __________ into any cell needed by the plant throughout their lifespan.

differentiate

Embryonic stem cells' ability to __________ is key to their therapeutic potential.

self-renew

Cloning plants can produce large numbers of plants with __________ characteristics.

favourable

Ethical concerns regarding stem cells often arise from their source, especially in relation to __________ embryos.

aborted

Stem cells play a critical role in __________, repair and growth.

development

In terms of medical applications, stem cells derived from __________ are less likely to be rejected by the immune system.

therapeutic cloning