Biology Genetics and Cell Division

These flashcards cover key vocabulary and concepts from Genetics and Cell Division.

Nitrogen bases

Elements that hold the two DNA strands together.

Meiosis I

The stage during which crossing over occurs.

46 chromosomes

The number of chromosomes in a human somatic cell.

Sister chromatids

Identical copies of a chromosome.

Continuous variation

The pattern shown by polygenic traits.

DNA polymerase

The enzyme responsible for building new DNA strands.

Sporophyte

The diploid plant stage.

Semiconservative replication

The process where each DNA molecule consists of one old strand and one new strand.

4 haploid cells

The product of meiosis.

Interphase

The phase during which chromatin appears.

Karyotype

A test that can detect chromosome abnormalities.

Okazaki fragments

Pieces that form the lagging strand during DNA replication.

Codominance

A genetic trait where both alleles are expressed.

Heterozygous

A genetic condition where there are two different alleles.

Gametes

Haploid cells that fuse during fertilization.

Genetic clones

The result of asexual reproduction.

Meiosis II

The stage during which sister chromatids separate.

Guanine

The nitrogen base that pairs with cytosine.

DNA and proteins

The composition of chromosomes.

5’ → 3’ rule

Describes the continuous leading strand and fragmented lagging strand.

Genetic variation

What independent assortment increases.

Mitosis

The process that does NOT cause genetic variation.

Codominance

Sickle-cell trait is an example of this pattern.

Diploid

The chromosome number of a zygote.

Meiosis

The purpose is to produce gametes.

Sister chromatids

What separates during anaphase of mitosis.

Sporophyte

The plant stage that develops from the diploid zygote.

A or a

The possible gametes of genotype Aa.

Many genes

Quantitative traits controlled by this.

Histones

Proteins around which DNA wraps.

An allele

An alternative form of a gene.

Homologous chromosomes

Chromosomes with the same genes but different alleles.

Ovaries and testes

Where meiosis occurs in humans.

Ionizing radiation

What increases the risk of mutation.

Zygote

The product of fertilization.

Crossing over

Occurs during prophase I and involves trade of DNA.

Striped phenotype

What genotype ScSc produces.

9

The number of chromosomes a diploid cell with 18 will have after meiosis.

Meselson-Stahl experiment

The experiment that proved semiconservative replication.

Linked inheritance

How the white trait in cross-eyed tigers is inherited.

Meiosis mixes and swaps DNA

How sexual reproduction increases variation.

Mitosis makes two identical diploid cells

Compared to meiosis which makes four different haploid cells.

Semiconservative replication

Each new DNA molecule having one old strand and one new one.

Crossing over during prophase I of meiosis

The process during which chromosomes trade DNA.