Adjunct 2 final new material all content

T/F Current density is always higher where pads meet the skin?

T

T/F moving the pads further apart will cause the current to penetrate more superficially?

F - Deeper

Why are the electrodes equally sized for bipolar technique?

More even stimulation

For monopolar technique which pad has the greater stimulation?

Small pad

1 multiple choice option

What describes one tonic contraction that is steady and non varying?

Tetany

What frequency will cause tetany?

40hz

3 multiple choice options

What is released with 80-120hz stimulation?

enkephalins

What is released with 3-5hz stimulation?

endorphins

What are the contraindications for all electrical modalities?

PIPPBEFAMOUS

Poor cardiac function

Infection

Pacemaker

Pelvis and low back during pregnancy

Blood clots

Exposed metal that penetrates the skin

Fractures

Arterial disease

Mental/sensory impairment

Over cancer

Uncontrolled hemorrhage

History of seizures

What are the precautions for electrical modalities?

Over abdomen and low back during pregnancy

Over carotid sinus, larynx, pharynx, trans cerebral, transthoracic

Epiphyseal plates

What is the only electrical modality that can function under 1hz?

microcurrent

What is the primary action of microcurrent?

tissue healing

T/F microcurrent directly stimulates nerves and/or muscles?

F

T/F microcurrent can be used as monophasic or biphasic?

T

What type of wave pattern does microcurrent have?

square

What principle does microcurrent follow?

Arndt-Shultz principle

How does microcurrent help assist tissue healing?

increases ATP generation, protein synthesis, and membrane transport

What are the settings for tissue healing with microcurrent?

0.5hz @ 20 microamp, 15min

Is tissue healing with microcurrent monophasic or biphasic?

monophasic

What are the setting for microcurrent pain control?

30hz @ 20-500 microamps for 15-20min

Is microcurrent pain control monophasic or biphasic?

biphasic

What is the optimal mA setting for tissue healing with microcurrent?

100mA

For HVPC pain control what is the pad placement?

active pad over the area of pain

what are the primary actions of HVPC?

electrokinetic, electroanalgestic, electrochemical

T/F HVPC is biphasic?

F

What is the waveform for HVPC?

Monophasic twin peak triangular wave

What is the primary action of TENS/Biphasic?

electroanalgesia

What is the waveform of TENS?

rectangular

Is tens monophasic or biphasic?

biphasic

What type of electrical modalities have the deepest penetration?

medium frequency

What is the primary action of medium frequency?

electrokinetic, electroanalgesic

What is the waveform of True IF?

2 sinewave biphasic

How many pads does True IF use?

4 cris crossed

T/F everything in Russian stim should be surged?

T

What frequency is used in Russian stim?

50hz

Which of these is NOT used to prevent accommodation?

Shift

3 multiple choice options

What is the AKA for Sweep?

frequency modulation

What is the AKA for Vector?

amplitude modulation

What is sweep?

frequencies constantly changing

What modalities use sweep?

True IF and Pre mod

What is vector?

fluctuation of intensity during treatment

What modalities uses vector?

Only True IF

T/F amplitude modulation can be used to increase the area being treated?

T

What type of E stim is good for deep joint penetration?

IF

What are the characteristics of Monochromatic light?

All light energy is of one wavelength

What are the characteristics of Coherence light?

All waves are traveling in phase

What are the characteristics of Collimated light?

The beam of light does NOT tend to diverge traveling through space

What determines the classification of lasers?

The amount of power they can deliver

What are class 1 lasers?

Non hazardous to the eye

What is an example of a class 1 laser?

DVD player

What are class 2 lasers?

Low power that does not exceed 1mW

What is an example of a class 2 laser?

Erchronia laser

What is a class 2a laser?

will cause eye damage if exposed for 1000 seconds (16 minutes)

What is an example of a class 2a laser?

bar code scanner

What is a class 3a laser?

up to 3mW, short contact is not hazardous

What is a class 3b laser?

5-500mW, direct contact to the eye can cause damage

At what levels does the FDA require glasses to be worn for the patient and clinician?

3b or 4

What is a class 4 laser?

high output over 500mW, direct or indirect contact with eyes or skin can be hazardous

What is an example of a class 4 laser?

Avant laser

What is laser measured in?

Joules/cm2

What is the fraction for joules/cm2?

Watts(mW) x Time(s) / Target area(cm2)

What output is appropriate for acute condition with laser?

0.5 j/cm2

What output is appropriate for chronic condition with laser?

3 j/cm2

What are the two types of lasers used?

Helium neon (HeNe)

Gallium arsenide (GaAs

What are the characteristics of HeNe class 2 lasers?

More superficial

penetrates directly 2-5mm

Red beam

wavelength of 632.8nm

What are the characteristics of GaAs class 1 lasers?

Deeper

penetrates directly 10-20mm

invisible beam

wavelength of 905nm

how deep can a GaAs laser effect indirectly?

5cm

What do the emitted photons activate?

chromophores

What is one hypothesis of how lasers work?

they activate cytochrome c oxidase by removing nitric oxide and replacing it with oxygen

Which of the following is NOT a technique for laser application?

indirect

3 multiple choice options

What laser technique is used for the MR4 laser?

gridding

What laser technique is used for the Erchronia laser?

wanding

What are the setting for the Erchronia laser in the shoulder?

extremities, 5 minutes

What are the setting for the Erchronia laser in the neck?

whiplash, 5 minutes

What are the setting for the Erchronia laser at the nerve root?

radiculopathy, 3 minutes

What are the contraindications for the Erchronia laser?

PATHH FEC

Pregnancy

Active infection

Taking photosensitive drugs

History of herpes simplex

History of keloids/hypertrophic scars

Family history of cancer

Eyes

Current cancer or history of cancer

T/F the MR4 laser could be used to help drain edema by energizing major lymphatic channels for 20-30s?

T

Which programs with the MR4 laser will penetrate deeper?

lower frequency

What programs are suggested to be used on the MR4 laser?

sweep programs

What are the contraindications for the MR4 laser?

MOO POOD CSF

Malignancy

Over hemorrhage

Organ transplant

Pregnancy

Over heart/pacemaker

Over 45 min a day

Direct treatment over thyroid

Children under 14 (decrease to 50% time)

Steroid shots

Fever/pyrexia

What are the two elements to percussive therapies?

Frequency

Depth

What is the best range of frequency for large muscles?

18-30

What is the best range of frequency for small muscles?

30-45

How deep should the stroke be?

at least 1 in

What are the physiological effects of percussive modalities?

Increased circulation

Increased lymphatic drainage

Decreased systemic nervous tension

Decreased myospasm

What are the benefits of higher frequencies?

analgesia, relaxation, decreased trigger points

What are the benefits of lower frequencies?

decreased congestion, decreased edema

What is the max amount of time for percussive modalities?

15 minutes or when the patient describes feeling itchiness

What are the contraindications of thumper, arthrostim, and vibrocussor?

Acute inflation

Infection

Arteriosclerosis

DVT

Over skin condition

Hemorrhagic areas

Lymphangitis

Cancer

Ischemic areas

Fracture

What are the benefits of rapid release?

Reduce pain

Reduce scar tissue

How should treatment time be built up for rapid release?

1st visit - 3min with light pressure

2nd visit - 5min with medium pressure

3rd and + visit - 5-7min with medium to firm pressure

What pace should the rapid release be moved at?

1in (2cm) per second

What are the contraindication for rapid release?

3in of joint replacement within 90 days

torso in pregnancy

cancer

fracture

pacemaker