Chpt 19 Terms

Old Regime

France’s old political system made up of three estates

Estates

the three social classes in france. 1st=1% of population, rich clergymen. 2cnd=2% populations, nobles, rich. 3rd=97% of pop, peasants and middle class, paid high taxes

Marie Antoinette

From Austria married to King Louis XVI, like to spend money on dresses, fancy things, and gambling. Named Madame Deficit by the people and generally unliked. Eventually executed for treason

King Louis XVI

King of France in late 1700s, spent lots of money, in debt bc of extravagant spending+ helping America. didn’t like ruling. Executed for treason

Estates-General

Meetings made up of delegates from all three estates to approve Louis’ taxes, held at Versailles.

National Assembly

Made of 3rd estate delegates when they got locked out of their meeting room, made so they could make laws and reforms, marked the start of constitutional monarchy and end of absolute (for now)

Tennis Cout Oath

Made by 3rd estate delegates who vowed for a new constitution

Great Fear

When nobles were rumored to be hiring outlaws to kill peasants, they panicked and stormed/burned nobles’ houses instead, every was scared :)

Legislative Assembly

Made of radicals, moderates, and conservatives. Created to mkae laws and approve/reject declarations of war, created under the National Assembly’s first constitution

Emigre

nobles who run from their country due to political reasons. In France they were against the revolution and wanted the Old Regime back

Sans-Coulette

Faction made of peasants who wanted a lot of change in the government

Jacobins

Party of radicals who wanted lots and lots of change, wanted no king. Were in charge of government in 1792

Guillotine

method of execution, beheading, some thought it was too nice of a death

Maximilien Robespierre

Radical Jacobin who was the leader of the Committee of Public Safety, was a very good speaker. Eventually got too much power and was a dictator and killed lots of people at random in the Reign of Terror. Eventually executed.

Reign of Terror

1793-94, lots of people died who were allegedly enemies of the revolution, nobles and peasants, mostly from 3rd estate. Ended when Robespierre was executed.

Napoleon Bonaparte

Brilliant French general who grew France to its most powerful state. COnquered much and made himself emperor, and gave the country well needed structure. Eventually fell and was exiled to St Helena.

Coup d’etat

A sudden seizure of power where a small group of individuals take over the government unexpectedly

Plebiscite

Vote of the people, when the people agreed to Napoleon becoming emperor and giving him lots of power

Lycee

government run public schools, the best went to government positions

Concordant

Napoleon signed agreement with the Pope, restored relationship with the Church but didn’t really give it any power. Grew his popularity

Napoleonic Code

Uniform laws that restored order but neglected some freedoms and liberties, restored slavery in the American colonies

Battle of Trafalgar

Fought on the sea off the tip of Spain. British navy defeated the French, which weakened the French navy and ensured that the British had the strongest army for the next century

Blockade

Closing up the ports for foreign trade, Napoleon attempted but failed bc his navy wasn’t strong enough/wasn’t as strong as the British. Hardly harmed the British

Continental System

France closing their ports in an attempt to make France self sufficient and weaken Britain at the same time. Britain also made a blockade but was better and more successful.

Guerrilla

Spanish peasant soldiers who attacked irregularly in small groups, ambushed French troops and killed many when Napoleon put his brother as king of Spain

Peninsular War

France attacked Spain and put Napoleon’s brother on the throne which offended many spanish. The Spanish fought, and with the help of Britain, defeated Napoleon.

Scorched Earth Policy

Russia practiced this, burning their crops and even Moscow so the enemy would not be able to capture the city or eat anything

Hundred Days

Defeat of Napoleon by British and Prussian

Congress of Vienna

Met at Vienna, all major powers, to set stability and order again

Klemens von Metternich

Austria foreign minister who had three goals mainly concerning France. Wanted to balance powers and put original rulers back on their thrones. Helped German Confederation from and Switzerland become independent to even out power. Wanted to make sure France wasn’t overpowered

Balance of Power

Making sure that each country isn’t too large or too powerful and starts to try to overthrow everybody else.

Legitimacy

Putting the original royal families back on their thrones

Holy Alliance

Signed by Russia, Austria, and Prussia that all relations would be based off of Christian principles and fundamentals, to help combat revolutions

Concert of Europe

Proposed by Metternich that countries would help one another if revolution broke out, tries to prevent revolutions in Europe to keep peace.