HONORS Bio midterm

Carbohydrates Polymer

Polysacchride

Carbohydrate Monmer

monsacchride

Function of carbohydrate

Short term energy/ structural support

Lipid polymer

none

Lipid monomer

Gycerol/ fatty acid

Lipid function

long term energy/ insulation

Nucleic acid polymer/Monomer is a nucleotide/Function is pass on inheritable traits; Examples: DNA, RNA

nucliec acid

nucleic acid monomer/Monomers of DNA

nucleotide

nucliec acid function

Stores gentic info

protien polymer

polypeptide

protien monomer

amino acid

Nucleotide square?

nitrogen base

Nucleotide circle

phosphate group

nucleotide house

pentose sugar

Modern cell theory

all cells come from exsting cells

all living things are made up of cells

cells are the basic unit of life

Ribosomes purpose

helsp to build/create proteins

mitochrondia

make ATP (energy)

chlorplasts

facilitates photosynthesis

cell membrane

allows materials to come in and out of the cell (semi- permable)

what type of organic molecule is an enzyme?

proteinss

Explain the function of an enzyme

to speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy

How does PH affect enzymes

too high of a PH or too low of a PH will denture the enzyme

How does temperature affect enzymes

If it is too hot or cold the enzyme will denture

how does the amount of substrate affect the enzyme

if it is not enough the enyzme will stop working

Photosynthesis

Plants take sun energy and transform it into chemical energy to a form of glucose

determine the terms between and autotrogh and heterotogh

Autotrogh makes its own energy while a hetertrogh eats food for energy

Identify the molecule or compound that organisms use to store energy.

ATP (adsone)

what happens when a phosphate is removed from ATP

energy is released

chemical equation for photosynthesis

6C02+6H20+light=C6H1206+602

why are plants green

the pigment called chorlphyll

why do humans and plants depend on each other

each reply on the products from the other

Describe the relonship between light reaction and calvin cycle

the light reaction creates energy in the form of atp and NADPH to help fuel the calvin cycle

Are the light indepndent and dependent reaction the same

no

how does temperature affect photosythenesis

too hot or too cold is bad depending on the plant

primary reason for calvin cycle

create sugar for plants

equation for cellular respiration

602+C6H1206=6C02+6H20+ATP

types of fermentation

Latic acid fermnation: yogurt/muscles

Acholic fermnataion: baking bread

What molecule is used to start glycosis

glucose

Anaerobic respertation

No oxygen, first step is glycosis, second step is fermataion

aerobic resperation

with oxygen

1-glycosis

2-krebs cycle

3-electron transport cycle

which step of cellular respiration produces the most ATP/what is the last step in the breakdown of glucose/Which step of Cellular Respiration are the most ATPs made?

Electron transport chain

cell division

mitosis is an asexual divison spilts cell into 2 daughter cells

3 stages of interphase

G1,S,G2

Significance of sphase

Sythnesis, DNA relpication occurs in stage

contrast cytoknesis in plant vs animal cell

Plants:form cell plate

Animal: cleavage furrow

Gergor medels work

stuided the effects of cross polinating pea plants

simple dominace

The dominant trait is there it will show

Indepndent assorment

some traits are able to be inherted indepndetly from another

incomplete dominance

Takes two traits and blends them together

Codonmince

2 traits work together

x-linked ressecive trait disorder

occur on the X chromsome, primaly impact males

Explain the difference between homozygous and heterozygous alleles.

Homogyous:AA

Heterzygous:Aa

polygentic trait

relies on mutiple genes to be expressed

gentotype

the letter expression of a trait

phenotype

The physical expression trait

allele

a version of a gene

Base pairing rules

A=T

C=G

Shape of DNA

double helix

Where does DNA replication take place in the cell?/Control center of eukaryotic cell/Organelle that contains genetic material / DNA

the nucleus

Is dna replication nesscary

so the cells can hold the exact amount of info they need too, to function

is a very large molecule consisting of repeated linked units

polymer

the building blocks of a polymer

monomer

Storage form of glucose in plants; storage from of glucose in animals

glycogen

Monomer is amino acids

protein

Monomer is composed of a glycerol and 3 fatty acids/
Function is stored energy; insulation; Examples: phospholipids, cholesterol

the lipid

Function is quick energy; Examples: glucose, ribose, sucrose, cellulose/Monomer is a monosaccharide

carbohydrate

Function is protection, movement, catalyst; Examples: lactase/speeds up chemical reactions and helps Immune systems

protien

Biomolecule that servers as catalyst in living things

enzyme

The substance that binds to an enzyme

substrate

The region where the enzyme & the substrate

active site

List three things that can denature (change shape of) an enzyme

PH, Temperature, and amount of substrate

Enzymes work by lowering the __ required to start a chemical reaction

activation energy

List the components of ATP

adenine, ribose, and 3 phosphate groups

The molecule that provides useable energy to the cell

ATP

The energy stored in ATP is stored in the what

bonds

Are cells that contain a true nucleus

eurkarotic

Are cells that do not contain a nucleus

prokartic

Fluid surrounding the organelles in all cells/Glycosis takes place where

cytoplasm

Sites where proteins are assembled

ribsomes

Produces ATP energy from the chemical fuel of glucose/where does the electron transport chain happen

mitochrondia

Site of photosynthesis; converts energy from the sun to glucose

chlorplasts

Boundary found in all cells; determines what can enter and leave

cell membrane

Light absorbing molecules are called

pigments

The 1* step of photosynthesis is called the

light dependent

where does the light dependent reaction take place

thyloid, grama

List the two main reactants and the waste product produced in light dependent reaction

NADP+, ADP, 02

second step of photosynthesis is called —__

light independent/calvin cycle

this is in the chloroplast

stroma

List the main reactant and the product produced in the light indepdent step

c02, C6H1206

Name the energy pathway that is aerobic/
The 2nd step in the breakdown of glucose is

krebs cycle

Name the energy pathway that is anaerobic

fermtation

The 1* step in the breakdown of glucose

glycosis

List the end products of glycosis

ATP,NADH, pruvate

where does krebs cycle happen

mitchrondial matrix

The waste product from krebs cycle

carbon dixiode

What is made in this cycle that is transported to the next reaction

NADH, FADH

What has to be present at the end? What does it form? in the electron transport chain

oxygen and water

What is the range of total ATPs made in Cellular Respiration?

36-38

Name the two types of fermentation

acholic and flactic acid