Module 5: Heredity (doesnt have polypeptide synthesis - https://drive.google.com/file/d/1HJ5mKmgZCkpb7z1qyyhqF1q3VGpjMtfp/view?usp=sharing)

Asexual reproduction

Fast, low-energy reproduction requiring one parent, producing genetically identical offspring.

Sexual reproduction

High-energy reproduction requiring two parents, producing genetically diverse offspring.

Internal fertilisation

Fusion of gametes inside the body, offering high offspring survival but low numbers.

External fertilisation

Fusion of gametes outside the body, producing high offspring numbers but low survival.

Self-pollination vs. cross-pollination

Self-pollination uses own pollen; cross-pollination uses another plant's pollen to increase diversity.

Binary fission

Asexual cell division in bacteria and protists producing identical daughter cells.

Mammalian fertilisation site

Occurs in the fallopian tubes where egg and sperm meet.

Implantation

The attachment of the embryo to the uterine wall.

Progesterone and Oestrogen

Hormones that thicken the uterine lining and support foetal development.

HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin)

Hormone that stimulates ovaries to maintain progesterone and oestrogen early in pregnancy.

Oxytocin

Hormone triggering uterine contractions via a positive feedback loop during birth.

Karyotype

A visual collection of all chromosomes in an individual's somatic cell.

Somatic cells vs. Gametes

Somatic cells are diploid body cells; gametes are haploid sex cells.

Mitosis vs. Meiosis purpose

Mitosis is for growth and repair; meiosis is for gamete production.

Crossing over

Exchange of genetic material between sister chromatids during meiosis.

Independent assortment

Random migration of homologous chromosomes to opposite ends of the cell.

Helicase

Enzyme that unwinds the DNA double helix during replication.

DNA polymerase

Enzyme that adds free-floating nucleotides to exposed DNA and corrects errors.

Homozygous vs. Heterozygous

Homozygous has identical alleles (TT); heterozygous has different alleles (Tt).

Co-dominance

Inheritance where both alleles are fully expressed in the phenotype (e.g., roan cattle).

Incomplete dominance

Inheritance where the heterozygous phenotype is a blend of both alleles (e.g., pink snapdragons).

Sex-linkage

Traits carried on sex chromosomes, affecting males more frequently due to single X chromosome.

Coding vs. Non-coding DNA

Coding DNA (exons) codes for proteins; non-coding DNA (introns) does not.

Somatic vs. Germ-line mutations

Somatic mutations occur in body cells; germ-line mutations occur in gametes and are inheritable.

Mutagen

An environmental agent (radiation, chemical, or biological) that alters DNA.