#10.6 Short- & Long-term hunger regulation

glucose

SHORT-TERM:

main fuel that neurons rely almost entirely on as it cannot use fat directly

glucose

SHORT-TERM:

stored in the liver as glycogen

glucose

SHORT-TERM:

when high = satiety

when low = hunger

glucose

SHORT-TERM:

directly monitored by the brain

insulin

SHORT-TERM:

released by the pancreas after eating

insulin

SHORT-TERM:

helps glucose enter cells, converts excess glucose to fat, and lowers blood glucose levels

insulin

SHORT-TERM:

when high = hunger

bc glucose enters cells, blood glucose drops, and brain thinks energy is low

glucagon

SHORT-TERM:

released by the pancreas when glucose is low

glucagon

SHORT-TERM:

converts liver glycogen to glucose, restores blood glucose, and reduces hunger slightly

ghrelin

SHORT-TERM:

released by the stomach before meals

ghrelin

SHORT-TERM:

increases hunger & stomach contractions, and activates hunger neurons in hypothalamus

ghrelin

SHORT-TERM:

when high (spikes) = intense hunger will be felt

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

SHORT-TERM:

Released by DUODENUM (first part of small intestine)

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

SHORT-TERM:

signals satiety VIA vagus nerve sending signals to hypothalamus

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

SHORT-TERM:

signals satiety VIA slowing stomach emptying = causes stomach to stretch sooner

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

SHORT-TERM:

short-term satiety signal

stomach distension

SHORT-TERM:

stretching of the stomach

stomach distension

SHORT-TERM:

Stretch receptors in the stomach send signals via vagus nerve to signal satiety

leptin

LONG-TERM:

released by fat cells

leptin

LONG-TERM:

signals long-term satiety, inhibits hunger neurons, and increases metabolic rate

leptin

LONG-TERM:

when high = reduces hunger

when low = hunger + decreased metabolism

obese

LONG-TERM:

individuals who have high leptin but brain is leptin-resistant = hunger persists