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Brownout
A temporary drop in voltage.
Surge
A temporary excess of voltage.
UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply)
Battery-backed device providing short-term power during an outage; bridges gaps measured in minutes, not days.
Offline/standby UPS
Runs on main power normally; switches to battery only when main power fails. Lower-end, cheapest, has a brief switchover delay.
Line-interactive UPS
Can compensate for voltage drops by boosting voltage without fully switching to battery. Good for areas with frequent brownouts.
Online/double-conversion UPS
Always runs from battery continuously; main power just keeps the battery charged. Zero switchover time.
Graceful shutdown (UPS feature)
UPS signals connected systems to shut down properly before battery is fully depleted, avoiding corruption from an abrupt power loss.
Generator
Long-term power backup, running as long as fuel is available; can cover an entire building or specific generator-power circuits.
UPS + generator combo
Standard pairing: UPS covers the brief gap while a generator starts up (about a minute), then load transfers to the generator for sustained outages.