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Battery
Intentional and direct application of unlawful force to another person (CJA 1988 s.39)
D must violate C’s bodily integrity
Broad: DPP v K leaving acid in a hand dryer counts as unlawful touching, Haystead v CC of Derbyshire: hit 3rd party who was holding a baby, baby was dropped: battery against woman and baby
Consent as a defence: not all touching is unlawful blake v galloway sports
Self defence: only where D’s belief in need for self defence is reasonable (Ashley v CC sussex police)
Provocation NOT a defence
Assault:
Directly and intentionally causes C to anticipate imminent battery
Must cause C to reasonably anticipate imminent battery but does not need to be fearful
Includes near future and mere words (R v Ireland)
False imprisonment:
D directly, intentionally and unlawfully imprisons C by restraining freedom of movement
Tort protects against "the violation of the right of personal liberty" (Blackstone Commentaries)
Absence of reasonable escape route (Bird v Jones)
Exception: police if acting within scope of duty (necessary and proportionate to protect public interest)
Types of trespass:
Battery
Assault
False imprisonment
Intention to bring about consequences, aware of risk and takes it anyway