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what does it mean to be a liberal
liberal ideology believes in freedom,ideology and protection of rights
how did the liberal party start
emerged in 1830s from the whigs
who was the early liberal party heavily influenced by
john locke
Adam Smith
what type of liberals were the early liberal party and what freedoms did they believe in
classic liberals
believed in negative freedoms (freedoms that cannot be impeded on)
small government
what policies did lib pm William Gladstone implement
enhancing religious freedom for Catholics
uni entry to be based upon merit not patronage
married women could own property
extended the franchise to more groups
what was William Gladstones economic policies
believd in laissez-faire capitalism , free market capitalism
repealed protectionist policies that prevented imports (corn laws)
reduced government expenditure
reduced taxes
advocated for minimal state
who was Gladstones main political rival how did their ideas differ
main rival was Benjamin Disraeli , pioneer of one nation conservatism
Gladstone was opposed to Disraeli paternalist onc ideology
emphasises people should be independent and self reliant
how did liberalism change/develop in 20th century
it was argued that individual freedom required a basic standard of living
freedom wasnt just freedom from gov but freedom from poverty ,illness ect
this shifted the focus from negative freedoms to positive freedoms (freedoms the state shld provide and protect)
believed the state should intervene in health ,education and labour to make sure equal opportunity
what were some policies implemented by these modern liberal govs
introduced pensions
sickness benefits
what was the aim of the state intervening in such matters
to make sure there is equality of opportunity and meritocracy
what caused the decline of the liberal party
the rise of the labour party in the 20th century
the party carried on but only had single digit seats by the 50s
what happened in 1981 that reshaped the liberal party
labour moderates broke away from the party and formed the SDP
the SDP and liberal party formed an alliance
in 1988 the 2 parties merged to form the liberal Democrats
what had caused the SDP to break away
after the loss to thatcher hard left michael foot elected as labour leader
adopted policies of nationalisation and nuclear disarmament
this alarmed moderates in the party
how did the SDP-LIB Alliance perform in 1983
despite winning 25% of the vote the SDP-LIB alliance only won 23 seats
FPTP produces disproportionate outcomes and as the alliances support was widespread but not concentrated it did not translate into seats
what are classic liberal ideals
emphasises individual responsibility and self reliance
advocates for minimal economic interference , minimal regulations
opposes centralized government power , favouring decenralisation and local gov
individual rights best protected by limiting the gov
argues wages should be determined by the market
supports minimal immigration restriction, supports movement of ppl and goods as the market demands
what are modern liberal ideals
Believe that the state has a responsibility to provide healthcare access to all citizens.
Supports policies to reduce barriers to education ensuring equal opportunity
Promotes regulation of industries for the protection of consumers and the environment.
Believe that government should create programmes to assist disadvantaged groups to increase oppurtunity
Supports government-funded education to ensure all individuals have equal opportunities to succeed.
Supports social services to enable individuals to fully participate in the workforce.
also supports minimal immigrationr restrictions emphasizing movement of labour
what does it mean that modern liberals believe in an enabling state
the state should actively provide social services and oppurtunities to empower its citizens to reach their potential
how did the liberal democrats perform in 1992
secured 17% , 20 seats due to FPTP
began establishing themselves promoting policies of proportional representation , environment protection and increased health and education funding
how did lib dems do in 1997
targeted constituencies they had a strong presence in and cld capaitalise on conservative discontent
won 46 seats with 16% of the vote
key focus was investment in education
how did lib dems do in 2001
under new leadership of Charles Kennedy
won 52 seats , 18% of vote
kennedy able to appeal to wider voter base
focused on abolishing uni fees attracting young support
increased nhs and public services investment
how lib dems do 2005
62 seats , 22% vote
gained surge in popularity due to opposition to 2003 Iraq war
how lib Dems do 2010
new leadership of Nick clegg
57 seats , 23% vote share
hung parliament no majority
formed coalition with conservatives
what policies did the lib dems achieve as part of the coalition
pupil premium , funding to schools for disadvantaged pupils
environmental policies
same sex marriage
what was the drawbacks on entering the coalition
forced to u-turn on their promise of abolishing uni fees , tripled fees up to 9 Grand
led to severe loss of trust with their voter base as this had won them many young voters
additionally the parties association with the austerity measures taken to fix the budget deficit harmed their perception
how did the lib dems perform in 2015/17/19
2015 was disatorous , 8 seats , 7% vote
tuition fee u turn had severely hurt them
campaigned in increased funding for nhs and services but voters skeptical due to coalition austerity measures
in 2017 the lib Dems won 12 seats with 7% of the vote
in 2019 the party increased its vote share but fell too 11 seats ,leader jo swinson lost her seat
in 2019 had campaigned on reversing brexit
how did the lib Dems perform in 2024 GE
ed Davey leader
emphasised environment policy , adressing inequality , education funding
best seat result , 72 seats , 12% vote
did well in conservative seats in south
won chichester which had been con seat for over 100 years
targeted affluent/middle class voters who usually voted conservative but had become dissatisfied with the gov
what was the lib Dems view on iraq
lib Dems only major party who were anti Iraq war
Charles Kennedy spoke at stop the war march
what is the ‘orange book’
in 2004 the orange book was published by prominet lib figures including Nick clegg and ed Davey
these figures worried the party had moved too far to the left
advocated for a return to gladstonian liberalism
when Nick clegg became leadaer this ideology was in control
what are some key lib dem pledges 2024 manifesto
employ 8,000 more GPs (modern liberalism,state providing welfare and healthcare)
scrap the Rwanda scheme
net zero by 2045 (modern liberalism , gov must intervene in market to protect environment )
triple pupil premium
rejoin the single market (classic liberalism , free movement of goods , which is what single market does)