A&PII Lecture: Exam I Videos

What does the word "neoplasia" mean?

New tissue growth

Tumor

Describe the three different types of Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (what genes and glands do they affect)?

MEN1: Tumor suppressor gets messed up; pituitary, pancreas, parathyroid

MEN 2A: parathyroid, pheochroncytoma, medulla thyroid carcinoma (2PM)

MEN2B: parathyroid, pheochronmocytoma, medullary thyroid carcinoma, mucosal neuroma (2P2M)

-autosomal dominant inheritance

-protoonco mutations

What is menin?

Tumor suppressor

What is pheochromocytoma?

Tumor of adrenal gland tissue

What is meant by "marfan's syndrome"? (In the video it was referred to as "marphanoid syndrome")

Genetic disorder of the connective tissue

Tall & thin

What is the difference between hormones, paracrine factors, and autocrine factors?

Hormones: go to bloodstream

Paracrine: regionally active; in one part of the body

Autocrine: made directly in one cell & work on that same cell

What makes paracrine factors act locally instead of systemically?

They get into the blood but the concentration of the receptors are very close by

What is the master gland, and why is it called this?

Pituitary gland; because it makes hormones that work on other organs

What structure controls the activity of this master gland? How does it do this?

Hypothalamus

It detects and then sends a hormonal message to the pituitary gland

If you did not make enough ACTH, what kinds of problems would you have?

It normally regulates blood pressure, glucose, salt and water balance

You will have hypoadrenalism

How does osmolality differ from tonicity?

Osmolality involves BUN

-bun: blood urea nitrogen

Tonicity: electrolytes, solute concentration, gradient between outside a cell and inside

The video says that Na+ can't go through the membrane between the cells and the interstitial fluid (the movement of Na+ across this membrane is regulated)

What is the mechanism that sodium uses to move across this membrane?

What influences the movement of Na+ in this way (ie what would cause it to move more or less across this membrane?)

Sodium channels and moves in response to electro-chemical gradient

D5W is a solution used intravenously in hospitals that contains 5% dextrose (a sugar) in pure water solution (ie no saline)

D5NS is basically the same solution with the addition of "normal saline" (meaning isotonic to normal blood, about 300mOsm/L)

When would it be preferable to use D5W instead of D5NS?

When would you use D5NS?

D5W is hypertonic to normal body fluids; D5NS is isotonic

D5W is will blood hypertonic

-can be used when hypoglycemia, hypoantremia

What happens to osmolality/tonicity if you administer D5W? D5NS?

When using D5W, water will go into to cell and will not raise BP

-D5W will make blood hypertonic

-don't want to give to someone with diabetic, or hyponatremia

D5NS will not change tonicity of blood

-water will not move into the cell but remain the blood

-increases BP

-given when hypotensive

-dont want to give to someone with high blood pressure

Large infusions of D5NS can cause acidosis...how?

Using the equation Osmolality = 2Na+ Glucose + BUN

18 2.8

What might cause a patient's lab results to indicate isotonic hyponatremia? Hypertonic hyponatremia?

High osmolality = hypertonic

Low osmolality = hypotonic

Alot of Na will make you hypertonic & vise versa

Isotonic hypoatremia? Na will be low but may have high glucose or high BUN