industrial revolution

enclosure movement

the process of fencing in and consolidating land formerly shared by peasant farmers. forced many farmers off their land.

james watt

made improvements on the steam engine which would make it more efficient. allowed it to power factories, trains and ships among other things.

agriculture revolution

revolutionized the farming industry prior to the Industrial Revolution. allowed more food to be made with less people and led to urbanization.

entrepreneur

some who assumed the financial risks of starting new businesses.

cottage industry

system before the Industrial Revolution through which clothes were made in various homes. replaced by the factories.

eli whitney

he invented the cotton gin. machine that separated the seeds from the raw cotton that provided enough raw material to meet the factory's demands.

urbanization

when people move from the rural parts of a country to its cities. both a cause, and major effect in the Industrial Revolution.

tenement

multi-story buildings divided into apartments. provided cheap housing for the urban poor who lived in these buildings, and often worked in close by factories.

labor union

when workers organize themselves into groups with the common goal of improving worker's wages and benefits. developed as a response to unfair conditions in the Industrial Revolution.

socialism

ideology that believed that the people as a whole rather than private individuals would own and operate the means of production. developed as a response to the unfair conditions in the Industrial Revolution.

communism

a government and economic system that believed a classless society would solve the problems in society. wanted everyone to be equal economically and to share all resources/wealth. developed by Karl Marx as a response to unfair conditions of the Industrial Revolution.

capitalism

economic system that pursued a free market where the individual has the ability to own and operate their business outside of government interference. developed by “adam smith” in the “wealth of nations”

crop rotation

the practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil- allowed more agricultural production in England in the 1700's

spinning jenny

this machine played an important role in the mechanization of textile production. like the spinning wheel, it may be operated by a treadle or by hand. but, unlike the spinning wheel, it can spin more than one yarn at a time. created by James Hargreaves in 1764

the flying shuttle

was developed by John Kay, its invention was one of the key developments in weaving that helped fuel the Industrial Revolution, enabled the weaver of a loom to throw the shuttle back and forth between the threads with one hand

water loom

used water as power instead of human power which sped up the weaving process. Richard Awkright inventor.

child labor

children were viewed as laborers throughout the 19th century. many children worked on farms, small businesses, mills and factories.

cholera and typhoid

diseases causing sickness, diarrhea, etc., caused often by infected food and water- problems in the densely packed urban areas of Industrial countries during the Industrial Revolution

railroads

networks of iron transportation on which steam (later electric or diesel)power was used to pull people and freight at high speeds. the first were built in England in the 1830s & revolutionized transportation and travel

luddites

any of a group of British workers who between 1811 and 1816 rioted and destroyed labor saving textile machinery in the belief that such machinery would diminish employment.

black lung disease

often called coal miner disease because it is caused by years of inhaling coal dust, resulting in damage to the lungs

iron law of wages

david ricardo formulated this theory, which said that because of the pressure of population growth, wages would be just high enough to keep workers from starving.

suburbs

residential areas surrounding a city, generally populated by the wealthy and middle class in the Industrial Revolution

britain

first country to industrialize due to stable political climate, resources, and innovation in farming & urbanization

samuel slater

"father of the factory system" in america; escaped britain with the memorized plans for the textile machinery; put into operation the first spinning cotton thread in 1791.