cellular energetics: cellular respiration (oxidative phosphorylation + active transport)

kill

glycosis

glucose; six carbon sugar → converts into two molecules of pyruvate (three carbon organic molecule) → atp is made & NAD+ is converted to NADH

pyruvate oxidation

goes into mitocondrial matrix → innermost compartment of mitocondria → converted into two carbon molecule bound to acetyl CoA → carbon dioxide is released & NADH is generated

citric acid cycle

acetyl CoA made from pyruvate oxidation combines w/ a four carbon molecule & goes through a cycle of reactions → helps to regenerate the four carbon starting molecule → ATP, NADH, and FADH2 are produced & carbon dioxide is released

oxidative phosphorylation

NADH & FADH2 made in other steps deposit their electrons in the electron transport chain, turning back into their empty forms (NAD+ & FAD) → as electrons move down the chain, energy gets released & used to pump protons out of the matrix which forms gradient → protons flow back into matrix through enzyme called ATP synthase which makes ATP → in the end of electron transport chain, oxygen accepts electrons & takes up protons to form water

three stages of cellular respiration

pyruvate oxidation, citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation

ALL REQUIRE OXYGEN TO OCCUR

which stage only uses oxygen directly?

oxidative phosphorylation

which two stages can’t run without oxidative phosphorylation?

what is a glucose molecule gradually broken down into?

carbon dioxide and water → ATP is produced directly in reactions that transform glucose

how is ATP produced?

through oxidative phosphorylation

where do these electrons originally come from?

originally from glucose and are shuttled to the electron transport chain by electron carriers NAD+ and FAD → NADH & when they gain electrons