APUSH Period 3 Review

Albany Plan of Union

• Benjamin Franklin’s first major proposal to unite the colonies

• meant to manage defense, trade, and Native American Relations during the French and Indian War

Salutary Neglect

• Britain’s unofficial policy of loosely enforcing laws

• ended swiftly after the costly French and Indian War

• end of this sparked “no taxation without representation” and directly fueled the war

Pontiac’s Rebellion

• armed conflict between a group of Native American nations and the British empire following the French and Indian War

• stemmed from Native American dissatisfaction with British policies

• led to the Proclamation of 1763 that prohibited colonial settlement beyond the Appalachians

• Colonists were resentful of this proclamation

Sugar Act

• marked the end of salutary neglect

• strictly enforced taxes on molasses, sugar, coffee, and wine to raise revenue for war debts after the French and Indian War

• led to colonial resentment and increased smuggling

• wasn't just about raising money; it was about asserting dominance

Stamp Act

• Britain’s first direct tax on the colonies

• affected all printed materials (newspapers, legal docs, cards) with a stamp

• “no taxation without representation

• led to boycotts, stamp Act Congress, and groups like the sons of liberty

• eventually repealed, but united colonists and established a pattern of resistance

Quartering Act

• British laws forcing American colonists to house, feed, and supply British soldiers after the French and Indian War

• seen as a violation of rights

• fueled resentment and contributed to the revolution

Declaratory Act

• British law that stated Parliament has the authority to create laws and impose taxes on the American colonies “in all cases whatsoever”

• asserted total British sovereignty which enraged the colonies

Townshend Acts

• British laws taxing colonial imports like glass, lead, paint, paper and tea to raise revenue for colonial administration (paying governors/judges)

• also meant to assert parliament’s authority

• sparked non importation and committees of correspondence

• eventually led to the repeal of most duties (except tea)

Tea Act

• British law giving the struggling East India Company a monopoly to sell tea directly to colonies, bypassing merchants and making it cheap

• colonists viewed it as a trick to force acceptance of British taxation

• led to the Boston Tea Party and then the Coercive Acts

Intolerable/Coercive Acts

• Britain’s harsh punishment for the Boston Tea Party

• aimed to control Massachusetts through laws closing the Boston Harbor

• Main components: closing the Boston Harbor, removed Massachusetts’s charter, allowed British officials accused of crimes in the colonies to be tried in Britains, and quartering act

Quebec Act

• extended quebec’s territory nd granted religious freedom to Catholics

• seen by colonists as a threat to their land and Protestantism

John Hancock

• wealthy merchant and smuggler

• leader of the Sons of Liberty

John Adams

• presidency defined by foreign policy crises with France (XYZ Affair, Quasi-War) and controversial domestic legislation notably the Alien and Sedition Acts

Samuel Adams

• key radical Patriot leader for Massachusetts

• helped to organize protest like the Boston Tea Party

• political engine in Boston for unification of colonists

Sons of Liberty

• radical colonial activists formed largely in response to the stamp act

• used intimidation (tar and feathering, etc.), boycotts (Boston Tea Party, etc.), and public demonstrations to protest “taxation without representation”

• key figures: Samuel Adams and John Hancock

Boston Massacre

• British soldiers fired in a hostile mob of colonists, killing five, most famously Crispus Attucks, fueled by tensions over British occupation enforcing taxes like the Townshend Acts

• became a powerful anti-British propaganda tool

Stamp Act Congress

• first unified Colonial response to British taxation

• delegates from nine colonies met in New York City to protest the Stamp Act

• issued the Declaration of Rights and Grievances asserting no taxation without representation and demanding repeal setting a precedent for intercolonial cooperation

• the first step towards Intercolonial Unity and cooperation

Boston Tea Party

• pivotal protests were colonist disguised as Native Americans dumped British tea into the Boston Harbor to resist the Tea Act

• led by members of the sons of Liberty

• consequently led to the Intolerable Acts

First Continental Congress

• Crucial meeting of 12 colonies in Philadelphia

• organized to protest British intolerable Acts

Second Continental Congress

• revolutionary government for the American colonies during the Revolutionary War meeting in Philadelphia after fighting began at Lexington and Concord

• acted as the colonies de facto National government by managing the war for appointing leaders issuing currency directing a diplomacy and ultimately adopting the Declaration of Independence

• Della gets included John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, and Tom's Jefferson

Committees of Correspondence

• crucial Intercolonial Communication networks formed by American colonists

• shared news coordinated resistances and built solidarity against British policies like the stamp and townshend Acts

Common Sense

• thomas Paine's Common Sense was a revolutionary pamphlet using simple language to persuade colonists that Independence from Britain was logical necessary and morally right

Declaration of Independence

• Crucial as the philosophical justification for Revolution

• used Enlightenment ideals like the natural rights and social contract

• listed grievances against King George III

• declared the colonies free and independent

Republican Motherhood

• Ideology after the Revolution assigning women the crucial role of raising virtuous educated in patriotic Sons to sustain the new Republic

• gave them a vital yet domestic purpose by emphasizing their moral influence in the home

• led to some increased educational opportunities for white women

US Neutrality

• Us new charity was centered on President Washington's Proclamation of neutrality avoiding involvement in the French Revolutionary Wars

• reflected a desire to protect trade and avoid European conflicts

• sparked Federalist and Democratic Republican divisions with Jeffersonian's favoring France and federalists favoring britain

• Led to actions like the neutrality Act and the quasi-war with France

Articles of Confederation

• America's first government

• created a week central body with strong States

• lead to successes like the land ordinance of 1785 in Northwest Ordinance but major failures like no taxing power inability to regulate trade and internal unrest

• ultimately showed the need for the stronger federal system in the Constitution

Shay’s Rebellion

• Farmer Uprising in Massachusetts protesting debt high taxes and economic Injustice

• lead by Daniel Shays

• expose the severe weaknesses of their articles of Confederation because the government had no ability to eliminate this uprising

Newburgh Conspiracy

• Serious but ultimately failed plot where Continental Army officers that were frustrated with the Confederation Congress's on an inability to pay their long overdue wages and pensions threatened a potential Mutiny or a military takeover of the government

Annapolis Convention

• Crucial meeting that was only attended by five states

• highlighted the severe weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation especially regarding Interstate trade

• lead directly to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia

• it's purpose was to discuss and create uniform policies for regulating trade since the Articles of Confederation failed to do so

Northwest Ordinance

• under the articles of Confederation

• provided a system for governing the Northwest Territory and admitting new States

• notably banned slavery guaranteed rights and promoted education

• also established a path to stay hood on equal footing setting precedence for Western expansion and federal land policy

• the most successful law under the Articles creating a model for future Western territories like the Louisiana Purchase

Great Compromise

• Pivotal agreement reached at the Constitutional Convention that resolved the dispute over legislative representation and allowed for the creation of the Constitution

• virginia plan: Proposed a bicameral legislature with representation in both houses based on population

• new jersey plan: Countered with a unicameral legislature where every state received equal representation regardless of population

• compromise: bicameral legislature with one house having proportional representation and one having equal representation

Checks and Balances

• system established by the US Constitution to prevent any single branch of the federal government from becoming too powerful

• Legislative: can override a presidential veto with a 2/3 majority vote in both houses and confirms judicial appointments

• Executive: can veto laws passed by Congress and nominates federal judges and Supreme Court Justices and can grant pardons for federal crimes

• Judicial: Can declare laws pass by Congress unconstitutional (Judicial review which was established in Marbury versus Madison) and can declare presidential actions and executive order some constitutional

Separation of Powers

• Core principle of the new Constitution dividing federal authority into three independent branches

• aimed to prevent tyranny

• the system combined with checks and balances gave each branch ways to limit the others ensuring shared power

Federalism

• The Constitutional system dividing power between strong state governments and a new more powerful National government

• Federalists vs Antifederalists: federalist supported ratification advocated for a strong National government and believed it necessary for stability while anti-federalists opposed ratification feared centralized power and demanded individual right protections leading to the Bill of Rights

3/5ths Compromise

• The Three-Fifth compromise at the Constitutional Convention counted 3/5 of the enslaved population for both legislative representation and direct taxation

• southern States wanted enslaved people counted as full persons to gain more seats in the house while Northern states opposed counting slaves viewing that was property not people and feared it would give the South too much power

Federalist Papers

• The Federalist Papers were 85 and essays written by Hamilton Madison and J publish to persuade New Yorkers to ratify the Constitution

• advocated for a strong Central government and separation of powers

Bill of Rights

• Ratified a compromise addressing anti-federalist fears of a strong essential government

• guaranteed individual will a liberties like speech, religion, and due process protecting citizens from government overreach

Federalists vs Antifederalists

Federalists;

• Wanted to ratify the Constitution

• believed in a strong national government and checks and balances

• wrote the federalist Papers

• succeeded in ratifying the Constitution but had to promise a bill of Rights

• leaders included Alexander Hamilton James Madison and John Jay

Anti Federalists:

• wanted to prevent the ratification of the Constitution

• feared tyranny and a strong Central government

• demanded a Bill of Rights to secure Liberty

• forced the Federalist to add the Bill of Rights which led to their eventual political shift into the Democratic Republican Party

• Leaders included Thomas Jefferson

Strict vs Loose Construction

• Federalists believed in loose and Democratic Republicans believed in strict

• strict constructionists like Jefferson favored only explicitly listed powers and loose constructionists like Hamilton supported implied powers ( necessary and proper clause )

Jay’s Treaty

• Pivotal controversial agreement between the US and Great Britain negotiated by John Jay to prevent War

• britain agreed to evacuate its Forts in the american Northwest and allow limited U.S trade in the West Indies

• the US agreed to pay pre-revolutionary debts

• failed to secure an end to British impressment of Sailors

• Federalist supported this treaty

Pinckney’s Treaty

• Major diplomatic success for Washington's Administration resolving border disputes with Spain by setting the US Spanish Florida boundary at the 31st parallel

• granted Americans free navigation in the Mississippi River

• secured the crucial right to deposit goods Duty-free in New Orleans

Citizen Genet

• French minister Edmond Charles Janae defied President Washington's neutrality Proclamation by arming privateers in US ports and trying to recruit Americans to fight Britain in Spain

• forced the US to formalize its neutrality policy

XYZ Affair

• France was at war with Britain and felt slighted by the Jay treaty which favored Britain, in response France began seizing American ships, so John Adams sent Diplomats to France to negotiate peace and avoid war

• diplomatic crisis where French agents X Y and Z demanded massive bribes from US Diplomats to meet with the French minister

• led to outrage in America

• field American nationalism strengthen the Federalist Party and ultimately led to the alien and sedition Acts

Judiciary Act of 1789

• established the federal court system

• three-Tiered system with District circuit and Supreme Courts

Alien and Sedition Acts

• Series of four laws passed by Federalist controlled Congress under President John Adams designed to silence Democratic Republican opposition and strengthen National Security

• increased residency requirement for citizenship targeting immigrant voters who favored the Democratic Republicans

• Allowed the president to Deport non-citizens deemed dangerous

• Permitted detention and deportation of male citizens of enemy Nations during wartime

• Criminalized false scandalous and malicious writing against the government leading to arrest for Democratic Republican journalists and editors

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

• Secret responses by Jefferson from Kentucky and Madison from Virginia to the Federalist alien and sedition Acts

• asserted States rights to nullify unconstitutional federal laws

• argued the Constitution was a compact between states

Washington Farewell Address

• Warned against political parties

• warned against foreign entanglement

• established two-term presidencies

Whiskey Rebellion

• Farmer Uprising in Pennsylvania against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey

• highlight attentions between federal power and states rights

• demonstrated the new constitution strength as Washington personally LED troops to suppress it

Hamilton’s Financial Plan

• System created to stabilize the new US economy

• the federal government would pay off all state revolutionary War debts

• a central bank would be established to manage federal funds issue stable paper currency and provide loans

• Taxes on specific domestic goods especially whiskey to generate federal revenue

• Hi taxes on imported goods and government support for American industry

• Sparked first major political parties (Federalist versus Democratic Republicans) over federal power, strict versus loose interpretation of the US Constitution (Implied powers for the bank), and economic vision (Industrial versus agrarian)