1.11 The Enlightenment & Scientific Revolution

In his 1543 book, On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, Nicolaus Copernicus claims that

The planets revolved around the sun, not Earth.

How did Johannes Kepler contribute to the Scientific Revolution?

Used data to disprove the Ptolemaic system, confirming the sun was at the center of the universe

Came up with Kepler’s First Law

How does Galileo Galilei contribute to the Scientific Revolution?

Confirmed the heliocentric universe with observations

Tied laws of planetary motion to motion on Earth

What did Galileo discover using his telescope?

4 moons of Jupiter and phases of Venus

In the Copernican view, humans were _________; God was _____________.

humans were no longer at the center of the universe; God was no longer in a specific place

How did Isaac Newton contribute to the Scientific Revolution?

Discovered three laws of motion and law of universal gravitation, which further supported the Copernicus heliocentric system

What does Isaac Newton’s universal law of gravitation do?

Explains why the planetary bodies continue their elliptical orbits about the sun

Andreas Vesalius contribute to our understanding of _____ by _____

Human anatomy by accurately describing the individual organs and general structure of the human body

William Harvey contribute to our understanding of _____ by _____

Human anatomy by showing that

the heart was the beginning point for the circulation of blood and

blood flows through veins as a complete circuit

Antoine Lavoisier contribute to our understanding of _____ by _____

Chemistry by inventing a system for naming chemical elements

René Descartes contribute to our understanding of _____ by _____

Philosophy by establishing rationalism and separation of mind and body

Rationalism

the belief that reason is the chief source of knowledge

Francis Bacon contribute to our understanding of _____ by _____

Science by introducing inductive reasoning and the scientific method

____ ____ argued that every person was born with a tabula rasa, or blank mind

John Locke

John Locke suggested that people were _____ by the _______ that came through their _____ from the _____ ____.

molded by the experiences that came through their senses from the surrounding world

Montesquieu contributed to our understanding of _____ by _____

Government by introduced the idea of checks and balances through separation of power

Voltaire contributed to our understanding of _____ by _____

Philosophy by advocating for freedom of religion and speech without government intervention

Deism was introduced by _____ and in its view,

Voltaire, God made the world and allowed it to run freely according to its own natural laws

Denis Diderot’s most famous contribution to the Enlightenment was

The Encyclopedia

Adam Smith contributed to our understanding of _____ by _____

Economics by introducing the concept of laissez-faire

In laissez-faire,

the state should not interfere in economic matters

Jean-Jacques Rousseau contributed to our understanding of _____ by _____

Philosophy by introducing the concept of the social contract

In the system of enlightened absolutism, rulers ____ _ _____ by _______ ______ while _______ ____ ____ _____.

tried to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining their royal powers