[AdvNotes] EDN - Module I and II

Emergency and Disaster Nursing (EDN)

focuses on preparing nurses to respond to emergencies and disasters effectively, providing care to individuals, families, and communities during crises

• Mitigation

• Preparedness

• Response

• Recovery

Disaster Management Phases

Mitigation

Actions to prevent disasters or reduce their impact (e.g., building flood barriers, immunization

Reduce risk and vulnerability (e.g., building dikes, enforcing zoning laws

Preparedness

Planning for disasters (e.g., training, stockpiling supplies)

Training and resource allocation (e.g., first aid kits, drills)

Response

Mobilize resources and provide emergency care

Immediate actions during a disaster (e.g., triage, evacuation)

Recovery

Restoring normalcy post-disaster (e.g., rebuilding, mental health support)

Rebuild infrastructure and restore normalcy

Triage Systems

START and SALT

Simple Triage and Rapid Treatment

commonly used in local disasters

Sort, Assess, Lifesaving interventions, Treatment/Transport

SALT meaning

black

triage tag: deceased

red

triage tag: immediate

yellow

triage tag: delayed

green

triage tag: minor

• Natural

• Man-made

• Epidemics

3 types of disasters

Natural disasters

Earthquakes, floods, typhoons, volcanic eruptions, landslides

Man-made disasters

Result from human activities

Terrorism, industrial accidents

Urban fires, armed conflicts, and environmental degradation

Epidemics/public health emergencies

Outbreaks of diseases like cholera or COVID-19

Dengue outbreaks, measles, and global pandemics

• Rapid assessment and prioritization of care.

• Administering emergency interventions (e.g., CPR, hemorrhage control).

• Collaborating with interprofessional teams

nursing roles in disasters

Personal Safety and PPE

• Importance of personal protective equipment (PPE) to prevent injury or illness during emergencies. But may be imited in rural areas, making local innovations critical

• Focus on cost-effective measures, such as improvised materials during disaster responses

• Decontamination processes for hazardous materials

Psychosocial Care

Addressing mental health needs, stress management, and support for victims and responders.

Incident Command System (ICS)

Structure for managing disasters, ensuring clear communication and coordination.

• Care equity

• Resource allocation

• Patient confidentiality

Ethical Considerations

Legal and Regulatory Issues

Understanding disaster declarations, public health laws, and nursing scope of practice during emergencies

Mass Casualty Incidents (MCI)

Handling large-scale emergencies with limited resources.

Strategies to maximize survival rates.

Hospitals and emergency responders are trained here specific to high-risk scenarios

preparedness, mitigation, response, and recovery

Disaster Management Framework in the Philippines emphasizes

Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010 (RA 10121)

Disaster Management Framework is governed by the

Key Provisions:

• Creation of NDRRMC

• LGUs required to allocate 5% of their budget for DRRM activities

• Emphasizes community-based DRRM

RA 10121

Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010

National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC)

coordinates disaster responses nationwide

Pacific Ring of Fire and Typhoon Belt

Natural disasters are common in the PH due to the country's geographical location along the _______

Common Risks: Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, typhoons, floods, landslides, and storm surges

Barangay Health Emergency Response Teams (BHERTs),

Nurses in the Philippines are integral to the ___________, responding to localized emergencies.

Community health nurses

educate communities about disaster preparedness and first aid

bayanihan

“community spirit”

strong emphasis on this during disasters

Ethical and Cultural Considerations

Awareness of religious practices, cultural beliefs, and traditional healing methods that influence healthcare delivery

Republic Act No. 10871

Establishes a basic emergency response education and training program

PhilHealth

Provides benefits for disaster-related hospitalizations

evacuation centers

schools, churches, basketball courts

often crowded, raising concerns about sanitation and infection control

World Health Organization (WHO), Philippine Red Cross, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs)

partnerships with these organizations to enhance disaster response capabilities

psychological first aid

given to survivors and responders as part of psychosocial interventions

Mental Health Act (RA 11036)

integrates mental health services into disaster management

airway management, bleeding control, CPR, and rapid patient assessment

Emergency Care and Rescue Components

rescue operations

Require collaboration with emergency services to safely extricate and stabilize victims

Emergency Care and Rescue

Involves immediate, life-saving interventions during critical situations

Operates in settings like emergency departments, disaster sites, ambulances, and remote areas

rapid assessment, stabilization, and treatment of life-threatening conditions

Emergency Nursing focuses on

triage, crisis intervention, ACLS, trauma care, teamwork

Emergency Nursing Skills

Disaster

A sudden event causing widespread damage, disruption, and loss of life, overwhelming local resources. Examples: typhoons, earthquakes, pandemics.

Disaster Nursing

Focuses on providing care to victims of disasters, emphasizing preparedness, response, and recovery

• Pre-Disaster Phase (Preparedness)

• Impact Phase

• Emergency Phase (Response)

• Rehabilitation Phase

• Reconstruction Phase (Recovery)

phases of disaster

Pre-Disaster Phase (Preparedness)

Planning and training to reduce risk (e.g., evacuation drills, education campaigns)

Impact Phase

Time during which the disaster occurs

Emergency Phase (Response)

Immediate actions, such as rescue, first aid, and triage

Rehabilitation Phase

Short-term recovery, including medical care and restoring basic services

Reconstruction Phase (Recovery)

Long-term rebuilding of affected areas

All-hazards approach

disaster management principle

Prepare for various types of disasters

Community participation

disaster management principle

Engage locals in planning and response

Equity

Ensure fair distribution of resources and aid

Role of Nurses in Disaster Management

• Triage and prioritize care.

• Provide first aid, CPR, and wound management.

• Educate the community on disaster preparedness.

• Address mental health and psychosocial needs.

Coastal communities, low-lying regions, and informal settlements

vulnerable areas

National DRRM Plan 2011-2028

Provides strategic goals for disaster risk reduction in the Philippines

Risk assessment, climate adaptation, infrastructure safety

National DRRM Plan 2011-2028

Goal of Prevention and Mitigation

Capacity building, public awareness campaigns

National DRRM Plan 2011-2028

Goal of Preparedness

Timely and effective disaster relief efforts

National DRRM Plan 2011-2028

Goal of Response

Long-term redevelopment of affected areas

National DRRM Plan 2011-2028

Goal of Recovery and Rehabilitation

Disaster Preparedness Planning Workshop

Conducted to equip communities with skills and knowledge for disaster resilience

Components:

• Risk assessment and mapping.

• Developing emergency action plans (EAPs).

• Simulated drills for evacuation and first aid.

• Coordination with local government and disaster response units.