Module 11: Male and Female Reproductive Systems

Which complication is associated with polycystic ovarian syndrome?

a. Dysmenorrhea

b. Infertility

c. Heavy periods

d. Ovarian cancer

b. Infertility

Note: Polycystic ovarian syndrome results in stimulation of follicle growth without ovulation and generally leads to infertility.

Estrogen is associated with what function?

A.) Development of secondary sex characteristics
B.) Stimulating ovum maturation during the menstrual cycle
C.) Stimulating uterine smooth muscle contraction
D.) Maintaining the endometrium during pregnancy

A.) Development of secondary sex characteristics

Estrogen is responsible for the development of secondary sex characteristics during puberty. Progesterone helps maintain the thickened endometrium during pregnancy. Progesterone inhibits smooth muscle contraction to prevent premature uterine contractions during pregnancy. High follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels stimulate follicle and ovum maturation.

What is the major endocrine abnormality associated with the development of polycystic ovarian syndrome?

a. Depressed estradiol levels

b. Hyperinsulinemia

c. Hypocortisolism

d. Low androgen production

b. Hyperinsulinemia

What are the risk factors for the development of endometrial cancer?

a. Obesity, early menarche, and infertility

b. Oral contraceptive use, low-fat diet, and smoking

c. Having multiple children, age 40 years or younger, and chronic vaginitis

d. Black race, lower socioeconomic status, and late menarche

a. Obesity, early menarche, and infertility.

Overdevelopment of breast tissue in men or boys is a condition referred to by what term?


a. Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)

b. Fibrocystic disease

c. Mammography

d. Gynecomastia

d. Gynecomastia

Causes of secondary amenorrhea include which of the following? Select all that apply.

a. Pregnancy

b. Thyroid disorders

c. Extreme weight loss

d. Menopause

e. Turner syndrome

All are EXCEPT: Turner syndrome

Note: Primary amenorrhea is associated with Turner syndrome

What is a possible outcome of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)?

a. Infertility

b. Urethral obstruction

c. Prolapsed bladder

d. Testicular cancer

b. Urethral obstruction

As a result of excessive uterine contractions and endometrial shedding, painful menstruation can occur. This is a direct result of what factor?

a. Excessive prostaglandin levels

b. Excessive estrogen levels

c. Prostaglandin-blocking medications

d. Estrogen-blocking medications

a. Excessive prostaglandin levels

In a person with endometriosis, where are the endometrial implanted glands? Select all that apply.

a. Abdominal cavity

b. Ovaries

c. Uterine ligaments

d. Pleural cavity

e. Spleen

All apply EXCEPT: Spleen

Vaginitis caused by infection is often related to what risk factor?

a. Antibiotic use

b. Hypothyroidism

c. Autoimmune disease

d. Irregular menstrual cycles

a. Antibiotic use

What is considered a factor that offers a protective effect against the development of breast cancer?

a. Regular exercise

b. Birth control pills

c. Not having children

d. Moderate alcohol use

a. Regular exercise

Note: Regular physical activity may reduce overall risk of breast cancer and may be related to weight loss and subsequent alterations in hormone levels. Use of birth control pills, the use of alcohol, and never being pregnant are considered risk factors for the development of breast cancer.

What is a common outcome of a cystocele?

a. Stress incontinence

b. Significant problems while defecating

c. The descent of the uterus into the vaginal canal

d. Infertility

a. Stress incontinence


Note: Cystocele- occurs when the bladder descends into the anterior aspect of the vaginal canal and usually results in bladder control problems such as stress incontinence.

The condition in which one or both testes fail to descend from the abdomen into the scrotum in early childhood development is referred to by what term?

a. Cryptorchidism

b. Testicular torsion

c. Orchitis

d. Peyronie disease

a. Cryptorchidism

Which of the following sexually transmitted infections are associated with cervicitis and can result in pelvic pain, vaginal bleeding, and the presence of purulent cervical discharge?

a. Chlamydia

b. Trichomoniasis

c. Gonorrhea

d. All of the above

d. All of the above:

To prevent prostate cancer, men should be encouraged to consume a diet low in what component?

a. Salt

b. Fiber

c. Fat

d. Calcium

c. Fat

An abnormal dilation of veins within the spermatic cord is known by what term?

a. Cystocyle

b. Spermatocele

c. Varicocele

d. Hydrocele

c. Varicocele

Galactorrhea is a disorder related to what structure?

a. Prostate

b. Ovary

c. Breast

d.Cervix

c. Breast

Which of the following symptoms suggests that a woman should be carefully evaluated for breast cancer? Select all that apply.

a. Dimpling of the skin on the breast

b. Enlarged axillary lymph nodes

c. Abnormal discharge from the nipple

d. Localized breast pain

e. Breast ulceration

All apply EXCEPT: Localized breast pain


Note: cancer is not painful

What is the most common cause of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)?

a. Elevated estrogen

b. Sexually transmitted infections

c. Ectopic pregnancy

d. Cervical tumors

b. Sexually transmitted infections

The protrusion of the uterus into the vaginal canal and possibly outside of the vagina is a condition known as uterine:

a. rectocele.

b. cystocele.

c. prolapse.

d. vulvitis.

Prolapse

What is the most common cause of urethritis of the male urethra?

a. Mechanical trauma

b. Urethral scarring

c. Sexually transmitted infection

d. Poor hygiene

c. Sexually transmitted infection

Which of the following hormonal abnormalities is associated with the development of breast cancer?

a. Elevated cortisol

b. Decreased insulin

c. Decreased progesterone

d. Elevated estrogen

d. Elevated estrogen.


Note: elevated estrogen and progesterone are associated with the development of breast cancer

What other condition presents with symptoms similar to those of prostate cancer?

a. Urinary tract infection (UTI)

b. Epididymitis

c. Benign prostatic hyperplasia

d. Prostatitis

c. Benign prostatic hyperplasia

Heavy or irregular bleeding that is not caused by other typical causes of uterine bleeding, such as submucous fibroids, endometrial polyps,blood dyscrasias, pregnancy, infection, or systemic disease, is identified by what term?

a. Dysfunctional uterine bleeding

b. Polycystic ovarian syndrome

c. Primary dysmenorrhea

d. Premenstrual syndrome

Dysfunctional uterine bleeding.

Which of the following statements about ovarian cancer is FALSE?

a. In the early stages, ovarian cancer is usually asymptomatic.

b. Women 45 years and younger are at the greatest risk of developing ovarian cancer.

c. Ovarian cancer results in ascites caused by seeding of cancer cells in the peritoneal cavity.

d. Ovarian cancer accounts for the most deaths of all cancers of the female reproductive tract.

b. Women 45 years and younger are at the greatest risk of developing ovarian cancer

What is the most important risk factor related to the development of cervical cancer?

a. Infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV)

b. Exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES)

c. Cigarette smoking

d. Overuse of antibiotics

a. Infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV)

Which of the following disorders of the male reproductive system is a medical emergency?

a. Testicular torsion

b. Cryptorchidism

c. Orchitis

d. Peyronie disease

a. Testicular torsion


Note: Testicular torsion- rotation of the testes can interrupt the blood supply to the testes.

Penile cancer is associated with which of the following risk factors? Select all that apply.

a. Human papillomavirus infection

b. Smoking

c. African or South American country of origin

d. Ultraviolet/psoralen-treated psoriasis

e. Infant circumcision

All apply EXCEPT: Infant circumcision.

Which of the following is the most important risk factor in the development of prostate cancer?

a. Older age

b. Vasectomy

c. Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)

d. Family history

a. Older age

Pain in the abdomen or pelvis occurring with dysmenorrhea, dyschezia, dyspareunia, vaginal bleeding, infertility, adhesions, and scarring anywhere in the abdomen and pelvis is generally associated with what condition?

a. Endometriosis

b. Leiomyomas

c. Endometrial polyps

d. Adenomyosis

a. Endometriosis

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is the cyclic recurrence associated with what conditions? Select all that apply.

a. Depression

b. Headache

c. Irritabiltiy

d. Nipple discharge

e. Infertility

All apply EXCEPT: Infertility and Nipple discharge

Testicular cancer is greater for men who have a history of what medical condition?

a. Priapism

b. Cryptorchidism

c. Phimosis

d. Varicocele

b. Cryptorchidism.

The Papanicolaou test (Pap smear) is used for routine screening of which gynecological cancer?

a. Ovarian

b. Endometrial

c. Cervical

d. Vaginal

c. Cervical

In premenstrual syndrome, premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) refers to which of the following symptoms?

a. Uterine cramping

b. Fatigue

c. Significant depression

d. Fluid retention

c. Significant depression

Which of the following statements concerning benign breast disease is true?

a. Most benign breast lesions are solid tumors.

b. Benign breast lumps can be differentiated from malignant tumor by palpation alone.

c. Some benign fibrocysts are associated with the development of breast cancer.

d. Risk factors for benign breast disease include exposure to carcinogens.

c. Some benign fibrocysts are associated with the development of breast cancer

What symptoms are associated with pelvic inflammatory disease?

a. Abdominal pain

b. Dyspareunia (painful intercourse)

c. Dyschezia (painful defecation)

d. Dysmenorrhea (painful menstruation)

e. Dyspnea (difficult breathing)

All apply EXCEPT: Dyspnea.

Failure to menstruate and develop secondary sex characteristics by age 14 is a condition referred to by what term?

a. Dysmenorrhea

b. Dysfunctional menarche

c. Primary amenorrhea

d. Secondary amenorrhea

c. Primary amenorrhea

Sexual maturation occurring before age 6 in girls or age 9 in boys is a condition is idenified by what term?

a. Delayed puberty

b. Congenital hypopituitarism

c. Precocious puberty

d. Klinefelter syndrome

c. Precocious puberty.

What can dermoid cysts eventually develop into?

a. Ovarian cancer

b. Uterine fibroids

c. Benign breast tumors

d. Follicular cysts

a. Ovarian cancer

In what stage of cervical cancer has the cancer spread to other organs such as the bladder or rectum?

a. I

b. II

c. III

d. IV

d. Stage IV


Note: In stage III, the cancer has spread to the lower parts of the vagina or pelvic wall. In stage IV, the cancer has spread to other organs in the pelvic cavity, such as the bladder or rectum, or to distant organs, such as the lungs.

The first ovarian phase of the menstrual cycle is the:

A) lunar phase.

B) follicular phase.

C) adrenarche phase.

D) luteal phase.

b. follicular phase

Note:
-follicular phase
-ovulation
-luteal phase

What organ is primarily responsible for the production and secretion of estrogen and progesterone?

a. Anterior pituitary
b. Ovaries
c. Uterus
d. Posterior pituitaryW

b. ovaries

What structure is not considered a component of the penis?

a. Corpus spongiosum
b. Glans
c. Scrotum
d. Prepuce

c, Scrotum

Ovulation occurs immediately after what uterine phases in the endometrial cycle?

a. Ischemic
b. Menstruation
c. Secretory
d. Proliferation

d. Proliferation

The inner epithelial lining of the uterus is the:

A) myometrium.
B) perimetrium.
C) endometrium.
D) epimetrium.

C) endometrium.

Which female organ produces and releases the ovum?

A) Ovary
B) Uterus
C) Fornix
D) Vestibule

A) Ovary

The duct that carries the ovum to the uterus is called the:

A) ductus deferens.
B) fundus.
C) endocervical canal.
D) fallopian tube.

D) fallopian tube.

The portion of the uterus that descends into the vagina is the:

A) fundus.
B) cervix.
C) fornix.
D) isthmus.

B) cervix.

The release of a matured ovum from the follicle is a process called:

A) reproduction.
B) ejaculation.
C) menarche.
D) ovulation.

D) ovulation.

The most potent and abundant of the estrogens is:

A) estriol.
B) estradiol.
C) estrone.
D) estrase.

B) estradiol.

Estrogen and progesterone are primarily produced and secreted by the:

A) ovaries.
B) uterus.
C) anterior pituitary.
D) posterior pituitary.

A) ovaries.

Which of the following are functions of progesterone?

A) Development of secondary sex characteristics
B) Stimulating uterine smooth muscle contraction
C) Maintaining the endometrium during pregnancy
D) All of the above

C) Maintaining the endometrium during pregnancy

Ovulation occurs immediately after which of the following uterine phases in the endometrial cycle?

A) Ischemic
B) Secretory
C) Proliferative
D) Menstrual

C) Proliferative

Which of the following structures transports sperm from the tubules in the testes to the vas deferens?

A) Rete testis
B) Epididymis
C) Seminiferous tubules
D) Tunica vaginalis

B) Epididymis

Which of the following structures is not a component of the penis?

A) Scrotum
B) Glans
C) Corpus spongiosum
D) Prepuce

B) Glans

Male sex hormones are collectively known as:

A) gonadotropins.
B) catabolic steroids.
C) estrogens.
D) androgens.

D) androgens.

Which structure is situated just below the urinary bladder in the male?

A) Seminal vesicle
B) Cowper gland
C) Prostate gland
D) Montgomery gland

C) Prostate gland

Into which lymph nodes does lymph from the breast tissue drain?

A) Axillary
B) Cervical
C) Mediastinal
D) Inguinal

A) Axillary

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is the cyclic recurrence of what type of changes?

A) Behavioral
B) Physical
C) Psychological
D) All of the above

D) All of the above

Pelvic inflammatory disease is caused by:

A) elevated estrogen.
B) sexually transmitted infections.
C) ectopic pregnancy.
D) cervical tumors.

B) sexually transmitted infections.

Which of the following sexually transmitted infections are associated with cervicitis and can result in pelvic pain, vaginal bleeding, and the presence of purulent cervical discharge?

A) Chlamydia
B) Trichomoniasis
C) Gonorrhea
D) All of the above

D) All of the above

The protrusion of the uterus into the vaginal canal and possibly outside of the vagina is a condition known as uterine:

A) rectocele.
B) relaxation.
C) prolapse.
D) vulvitis.

C) prolapse.

Dermoid cysts are tumors that contain elements of skin, hair, glands, muscle, cartilage, and bone that can eventually develop into:

A) ovarian cancer.
B) uterine fibroids.
C) benign breast tumors.
D) follicular cysts.

A) ovarian cancer.

Which of the following statements about ovarian cancer is false?

A) In the early stages, ovarian cancer is usually asymptomatic.
B) Women 45 years and younger are at the greatest risk of developing ovarian cancer.
C) Ovarian cancer results in ascites caused by seeding of cancer cells in the peritoneal cavity.
D) Ovarian cancer accounts for the most deaths of all cancers of the female reproductive tract.

B) Women 45 years and younger are at the greatest risk of developing ovarian cancer.

Urethritis is a common disorder of the male urethra and is most commonly caused by:

A) mechanical trauma.
B) urethral scarring.
C) sexually transmitted infection.
D) poor hygiene.

C) sexually transmitted infection.

Penile cancer is associated with which of the following risk factors?

A) Human papilloma virus infection
B) Smoking
C) Black race
D) All of the above

D) All of the above

An abnormal dilation of a vein within the spermatic cord is known as a (an):

A) angiocele.
B) spermatocele.
C) varicocele.
D) hydrocele.

C) varicocele.

The condition in which one or both testes fail to descend from the abdomen into the scrotum in early childhood development is called:

A) cryptorchidism.
B) testicular torsion.
C) orchitis.
D) Peyronie disease.

A) cryptorchidism.

The most important risk factor related to the development of cervical cancer is:

A) infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV).
B) exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES).
C) cigarette smoking.
D) overuse of antibiotics.

A) infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV).

Excessive uterine contractions and endometrial shedding resulting in painful menstruation is a result of:

A) excessive prostaglandin levels.
B) excessive estrogen levels.
C) prostaglandin-blocking medications.
D) estrogen-blocking medications.

A) excessive prostaglandin levels.

To prevent prostate cancer, men should be encouraged to consume a diet low in:

A) salt.
B) fiber.
C) fat.
D) calcium.

C) fat.

The pathophysiology of prostate cancer involves all of the following factors except:

A) increased insulin-like growth factor.
B) increased dihydrotestosterone (DHT).
C) increased estradiol production.
D) genetic predisposition.

B) increased dihydrotestosterone (DHT).

Which of the following statements concerning benign breast disease is true?

A) Most benign breast lesions are solid tumors.
B) Benign breast lumps can be differentiated from malignant tumor by palpation alone.
C) Some benign fibrocysts are associated with the development of breast cancer.
D) Risk factors for benign breast disease include exposure to carcinogens.

C) Some benign fibrocysts are associated with the development of breast cancer.

Which of the following hormonal abnormalities is associated with the development of breast cancer?

A) Elevated cortisol
B) Decreased insulin
C) Decreased progesterone
D) Elevated estrogen

D) Elevated estrogen

Note: elevated estrogen and progesterone are associated with the development of breast cancer

Failure to menstruate and develop secondary sex characteristics by age 14 is a condition called:

A) dysmenorrhea.
B) dysfunctional menarche.
C) primary amenorrhea.
D) secondary amenorrhea.

C) primary amenorrhea.

Irregular menstrual cycles, heavy bleeding, and passage of large clots are symptoms of:

A) dysfunctional uterine bleeding.
B) polycystic ovarian syndrome.
C) primary dysmenorrhea.
D) premenstrual syndrome.

A) dysfunctional uterine bleeding.

Symptoms of pelvic inflammatory disease include all of the following except:

A) abdominal pain.
B) dyspareunia.
C) dyschezia.
D) dyspnea.

D) dyspnea.

Vaginitis caused by infection is often related to:

A) antibiotic use.
B) hypothyroidism.
C) autoimmune disease.
D) irregular menstrual cycles.

A) antibiotic use.

A cystocele commonly results in:

A) stress incontinence.
B) significant problems while defecating.
C) the descent of the uterus into the vaginal canal.
D) infertility.

A) stress incontinence.

In a person with endometriosis, where can endometrial implants be found?

A) Abdominal cavity
B) Ovaries
C) Lungs
D) All of the above

D) All of the above

The Papanicolaou test (Pap smear) is used for routine screening of which gynecological cancer?

A) Ovarian
B) Endometrial
C) Cervical
D) Vaginal

C) Cervical

In stage _____ cervical cancer, the cancer has spread to other organs such as the bladder or rectum.

A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV

D) IV

Which of the following disorders of the male reproductive system is a surgical emergency?

A) Testicular torsion
B) Cryptorchidism
C) Orchitis
D) Peyronie disease

A) Testicular torsion

In premenstrual syndrome (PMS), premenstrual dysphoric disorder refers to which of the following symptoms?

A) Uterine cramping
B) Fatigue
C) Depression
D) Fluid retention

C) Depression

The major endocrine abnormality associated with the development of polycystic ovarian syndrome is:

A) depressed estradiol levels.
B) hyperinsulinemia.
C) hypocortisolism.
D) low androgen production.

B) hyperinsulinemia.

Which of the following symptoms suggests that a woman should be carefully evaluated for breast cancer?

A) Dimpling of the skin on the breast
B) Enlarged axillary lymph nodes
C) Abnormal discharge from the nipple
D) All of the above

D) All of the above

Sexual maturation occurring before age 6 in girls or age 9 in boys is a condition known as:

A) delayed puberty.
B) congenital hypopituitarism.
C) precocious puberty.
D) Klinefelter syndrome.

C) precocious puberty.

The prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test is used to screen for which prostate problem?

A) Bacterial prostatitis
B) Nonbacterial prostatitis
C) Prostatodynia
D) Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

D) Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

The risk of testicular cancer is greater for men who have a history of:

A) priapism.
B) cryptorchidism.
C) phimosis.
D) varicocele.

B) cryptorchidism.

Symptoms of prostate cancer are similar to:

A) urinary tract infection.
B) epididymitis.
C) benign prostatic hyperplasia.
D) prostatitis.

C) benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Galactorrhea is a disorder of the:

A) prostate.
B) ovary.
C) breast.
D) cervix.

C) breast.

One factor that offers a protective effect against the development of breast cancer is:

A) regular exercise.
B) birth control pills.
C) not having children.
D) moderate alcohol use.

A) regular exercise.

Overdevelopment of breast tissue in males is a condition known as:

A) ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS).
B) fibrocystic disease.
C) mammography.
D) gynecomastia.

D) gynecomastia.