DeBlieu Honors Biology Flashback Review: Interdependence, Transport, and Homeostasis

Flashcards for Biology Unit 1 and 2 Review

What are the 4 organic nutrient molecules?

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

What elements make up carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids?

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (sometimes nitrogen and phosphorus)

How are the 4 main organic molecules used in the body?

Carbohydrates are used for energy; lipids for energy storage and insulation; proteins for structure, enzymes, and transport; and nucleic acids for genetic information.

What are the polymers and monomers of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids?

Polymers and monomers vary for each organic molecule; carbohydrates (polysaccharides and monosaccharides), lipids (no true polymer), proteins (polypeptides and amino acids), and nucleic acids (DNA/RNA and nucleotides)

What kingdom of organisms provides each of the 4 main organic molecules?

Depends on the molecule, but plants (carbohydrates), animals (lipids and proteins), all organisms (nucleic acids)

In what class of organic molecules are enzymes placed and why?

Proteins, because they are biological catalysts.

What is the function of enzymes?

Speed up chemical reactions.

What factors affect the action of enzymes?

Temperature, pH, substrate concentration.

What are the 4 biogeochemical cycles?

Carbon, water, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles

How do biogeochemical cycles help in making/breaking of organic molecules?

Helps in the making and breaking of organic molecules by recycling elements.

How are the causes of climate change shown in biogeochemical cycles ?

Increased carbon emissions contribute to climate change.

What happens to a lake if a 'limiting factor' (ex. fertilizer) is added in great amounts?

Eutrophication (algal bloom due to excess nutrients).

What are food webs?

A diagram that shows the flow of energy between organisms in an ecosystem.

What do food webs show at each level (including decomposers)?

Shows energy flow at each level, including decomposers breaking down dead organic matter.

What would happen if one of the organisms was removed from the web?

The ecosystem would be disrupted; can cause a cascade effect.

What are energy pyramids?

Graphic representation of energy loss with each increasing trophic level.

What is covalent bonding?

Electron sharing to form molecules

What is hydrolysis?

A chemical reaction that breaks bonds between molecules by the addition of water

What is dehydration synthesis?

A chemical reaction in which two molecules are bonded together with the removal of a water molecule.

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fat in terms of chemistry, health, and origin?

Saturated fats have single bonds and are solid at room temperature and unhealthy. Unsaturated fats have double bonds and are liquid at room temperature and are typically healthier.

What is ionic bonding and how does it explain the creation of ions? What is pH? How are acids and bases made (what is the difference between them)?

Electron exchange resulting in ion formation; ions determine the pH of a substance; difference based on H+ concentration.

Water is a polar molecule. What does this mean? How does it explain cohesion, surface tension & transpiration?

Unequal sharing of electrons leads to partial charges; explains properties like cohesion, surface tension, and transpiration.

What are the three types of cellular transport?

Passive, active, and bulk transport.

What is the difference between passive and active transport? What is the role of transport proteins?

Passive transport: no energy required. Active transport: energy required, utilizes transport proteins

What are three types of passive transport and how are they different?

Diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion.

When are each of these types of bulk movement used? exocytosis, endocytosis (pinocytosis & phagocytosis)

Exocytosis (releasing substances), endocytosis (taking in substances), pinocytosis (liquids) & phagocytosis (solids).

During osmosis, when is a solution surrounding a cell: hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonic?

Hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonic is relative to the amount of solute in the cell.

When are the following conditions seen? plasmolysis, cytolysis, turgor pressure, dynamic equilibrium

Plasmolysis, cytolysis, turgor pressure, dynamic equilibrium occur when different substances transfer in or out of a cell due to the environment it is in.

Cell membrane – How does its structure affect its function? Why is it a bilayer? What makes it selectively permeable?

Controls what enters and exits the cell; selectively permeable due to the phospholipid bilayer.

Cell walls – What is their function in transport? Which organisms have them? What are they made of?

Provides support and protection; in plant cells, made of cellulose.

Central vacuoles – What is their function in transport? Which organisms have them? Function in photosynthesis?

Stores water and nutrients; in plant cells and aids in photosynthesis.

Contractile vacuoles – What is their function in transport? Which organisms have them? Why are they necessary for life?

Pumps excess water out of the cell; protists