Ch. 1: Molcs & Fundamentals of Bio

intermolecular forces

affect physical properties (BP, MP, density) of a substance that forms between multiple molecules

intermolecular

forces that can change boiling and melting point

dehydration/condensation

polymerization reaction resulting in the release of water

dehydration/condensation

reaction that puts monomer subunits together

releases

a dehydration reaction ______ water

uses

a hydrolysis reaction _____ water

hydrolysis

depolymerization rxn that uses water to break bonds

poly, mono

hydrolysis: ____mers → ____mers

mono, poly

dehydration: ____mers → ____mers

hydrolysis

reaction that breaks apart polymers

carbs

macromolecule used for fuel and structural support

fuel, structural support

carbs are used for ____ & ____

CHO

carbs are made of which elements?

rings

what does the structure of carbs look like?

carbs & lipids

macromolecule(s) made of C, H, & O

mono, di, poly

types of carbs (ends in -saccharides)

1 detached

monosaccharide structure: (#) ____ ring

(CH2O)n

chemical formula of monosaccharides (w/ n)

ribose, fructose, glucose

3 examples of common monosaccharides?

2, glycosidic

disaccharides: (#) monosaccharides joined by a _____ bond

glycosidic

carbs are joined together by ____ bonds

dehydration/condensation

carbs are joined together by what kind of rxn?

use

carbs (use/release) water when joined together

sucrose

example of a common disaccharide

glucose, fructose

what is sucrose made of? (2)

starch, glycogen, cellulose

3 examples of common polysaccharides

glucose

starch is made of what type of monosaccharide?

plants

starch is used by (plants/animals)

starch

used by plants for energy storage

energy storage

starch function

poly

starch is a (mono/di/poly)saccharide

mono

glucose is a is a (mono/di/poly)saccharide

mono

ribose is a (mono/di/poly)saccharide

mono

fructose is a (mono/di/poly)saccharide

di

sucrose is a (mono/di/poly)saccharide

sucrose

what does glucose and fructose form?

poly

glycogen is a (mono/di/poly)saccharide

poly

cellulose is a (mono/di/poly)saccharide

animals

glycogen is used by (plants/animals)

glycogen

used by animals for energy storage

energy storage

glycogen function

cellulose

important component of a plant cell wall

structural support

cellulose function

glycogen

used for plant cell wall stability

glucose

glycogen is made of what type of monosaccharide?

glucose

cellulose is made of what type of monosaccharide?

amino acids

protein monomers

CHON

proteins are made of which elements?

proteins

macromolecule(s) made of C, H, O, & N

20

total # of amino acids

r group

part of amino acid that determines properties

amino acids

the r group of ____ determines its chemical & electrical characteristics

chemical, electrical

amino r groups determine ____ & ____ properties

polarity

example of chemical property that is determined by an r group

electrical side chains

example of an electrical property that is determined by an r group

polypeptides

linked amino acid strands

peptide

polypeptides are linked with ____ bonds

amino acids, peptide

polypeptides: ____ joined by _____ bonds

amino acids

R-CH(NH2)-COOH is the chemical formula of ____

monosaccharides

(CH2O)n is the chemical formula of ____

peptide bond

carboxylic acid bonded to amino group of another amino acid

NH2

amino group

proteins

macromolecule with diverse functions

dehydration/condensation

peptide bonds are formed by ____ bonds

dehydration/condensation

amino acids are joined together by what kind of rxn?

hydrolysis

polypeptides can be broken by ____ rxns

use

amino acids (use/release) water when joined together

use

polypeptides (use/release) water when formed

release

polypeptides (use/release) water when broken

1

(1/2/3/4): amino acid sequence from mRNA translation

translation

primary proteins are formed from ______

2

(1/2/3/4): folding with h bonds

h bonds

secondary proteins are formed from _____

2 & 3 proteins

use h bonds

2

(1/2/3/4): determined by intermolecular forces between polypeptide backbones (excluding r group)

h bonds

holds together double helix and pleated sheets

a helix, b pleated sheet

2 examples of secondary proteins

inter

secondary proteins are determined by ____molecular forces

polypeptide backbones

secondary proteins are determined by forces between _____ _______

3

(1/2/3/4): 3d structure from r group interactions

tertiary proteins

uses disulfide bonds

disulfide bonds

covalent bonds between sulfur atoms

tertiary proteins

uses h, ionic, and disulfide bonds

4

(1/2/3/4): polypeptide chains forming a protein

3

(1/2/3/4): make up a quaternary protein

conjugated proteins

amino acids and nonprotein components

metalloprotein

conjugated protein with metal ion cofactor

hemoglobin

1 example of metalloprotein

glycoprotein

conjugated protein with carb

mucin

1 example of glycoprotein

metalloproteins, glycoproteins

2 types of conjugated proteins

denaturation

loss of function and unraveling of protein structures

1

(1/2/3/4): unaffected by denaturation

temp, ph, salt

denaturation is caused by changes in ____, ____, & ____ concentration

denaturation

caused by changes in temp, ph, and salt

storage

amino acid function

hormones

signaling and regulatory molecules

regulation

hormone function

receptors

proteins in cell membranes bound to signaling molecules

receptor

____ proteins can change cell environment