Deuterostomes, Echinodermata, and Chordata Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards covering key terms related to deuterostomes, echinodermata, chordata, and vertebrate classes.

Deuterostome Development

Blastopore becomes the anus, radial indeterminate cleavage, coelom from archenteron outpocketings.

Deuterostome Germ Layers

Triploblastic (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm) and coelomate (true coelom).

Sea Lamprey

A deuterostome used in research to study spinal cord regeneration, the immune system, and gene regulation during development.

Sea Squirt

A tunicate deuterostome used to study gene expression and cell differentiation during development due to its transparency.

Mice

Deuterostomes (mammals) used to study medical diseases due to similarities with humans.

Echinodermata

Phylum including sea stars, sea urchins, and sand dollars; characterized by radial symmetry (adults), endoskeleton of calcareous plates, and a water vascular system.

Echinoderm Coelom

Animals that possess a true coelom (body cavity) derived from the mesoderm.

Echinoderm Radial Symmetry

Adults exhibit pentaradial symmetry; larvae are bilaterally symmetrical.

Echinoderm Endoskeleton

Internal skeleton made of calcium carbonate.

Water Vascular System

A unique hydraulic system in echinoderms used for movement, feeding, and respiration.

Tube Feet

Small, flexible appendages operated by the water vascular system, used for locomotion and attachment.

Echinoderm Nervous System

They lack a centralized brain but have a nerve ring and radial nerves.

Echinoderm Regeneration

Many can regenerate lost arms or body parts.

Madreporite

Sieve-like opening on the body surface that allows seawater to enter the water vascular system.

Ring Canal

Canal that encircles the central part of the body, part of the water vascular system.

Radial Canals

Extend into each arm or body region from the ring canal.

Ampulla

Internal structure within each tube foot that contracts to force water into the foot, causing it to extend.

Echinoderm Larval Symmetry

active, mobile larvae exhibits bilateral symmetry.

Echinoderm Adult Symmetry

Sedentary adults exhibit radial symmetry, interacting with the environment equally from all sides.

Echinoderm Endoskeleton:

Internal, calcium carbonate ossicles that grow with the organism.

Arthropod Exoskeleton

External, chitin based structure that must be shed (molting).

Notochord

A flexible, rod-like structure made of cells enclosed in a sheath; provides support and defines the primitive axis of the embryo.

Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord

A tube-like nerve cord located on the dorsal side of the body that develops into the central nervous system.

Pharyngeal Slits

Openings in the pharynx that allow water to exit the body without passing through the digestive tract, and may develop into gills or other structures.

Post-Anal Tail

A tail that extends beyond the anus, containing muscle and skeletal elements, used for locomotion.

Urochordata

Subphylum of chordates where larvae have all chordate traits, adults lose notochord and tail, and are sessile filter-feeders (e.g., sea squirt).

Cephalochordata

Subphylum of chordates that retain all chordate traits for life, with a notochord running the full body length (e.g., lancelet).

Vertebrata

Subphylum of chordates where the notochord is replaced by a vertebral column and the skull protects the brain (e.g., humans, fish, birds).

Fish Characteristics

Aquatic vertebrates with streamlined bodies, fins for movement, gills for respiration, and ectothermic metabolism.

Chondrichthyes

Class of fish with skeletons made of cartilage, lacking a swim bladder (e.g., sharks, rays).

Actinopterygii

Ray-finned fish with bony skeletons and a swim bladder for buoyancy, allowing them to breathe while stationary.

Amphibia

Class of animals with a dual life cycle, moist permeable skin, and ectothermic metabolism (e.g., frogs, salamanders).

Amphibian Adaptations for Land

Developed lungs, moist permeable skin for gas exchange, stronger skeletons and limbs and tympanic membranes.

Reptilia

Class of animals with scaly skin, ectothermic metabolism, internal fertilization, and amniotic eggs (e.g., snakes, turtles, lizards).

Amnion

A reptile amniotic membrane that cushions and protects the embryo from shock and drying out.

Chorion

A reptile amniotic membrane involved in gas exchange between the embryo and the outside environment.

Allantois

A reptile amniotic membrane that stores nitrogenous waste produced by the embryo and aids in gas exchange.

Yolk Sac

A reptile amniotic membrane that contains the yolk, which is the food source for the developing embryo.

Ectothermic

Relying on external sources of heat to regulate body temperature.

Carapace

The dorsal (top) part of a turtle's shell, providing protection for the back and vital organs.

Plastron

The ventral (bottom) part of a turtle's shell, shielding the belly.

Aves

Class of animals characterized by feathers, hollow bones, endothermic metabolism, and beaks (birds).

Bird Feathers

Made of keratin, used for flight, insulation, and display.

Bird Hollow Bones

Lightweight and reinforced with internal struts, reducing body weight for flight.

Mammalia

Class of animals characterized by hair or fur, mammary glands, endothermic metabolism, and live birth.

Mammal Mammary Glands

Produce milk to nourish young, a unique feature of mammals.

Monotremes

Mammals that lay eggs (e.g., platypus, echidnas).

Marsupials

Mammals that give live birth to underdeveloped young, which continue development in a pouch (e.g., kangaroos, koalas).

Placental Mammals

Mammals that give live birth to fully developed young, nourished via the placenta in the womb (e.g., humans, elephants, dogs).

Parietal Eye

A light sensitive organ found in some reptiles that detects light and temperature changes