Microbiology Exam 2 - Fall 2025 Talmy

Fall 2025 UTK Talmy

What is Catabolism

This is the breakdown of complex molecules into smaller ones

What is anabolism

This is set of reaction that build cells

What is Entropy (S)

This is a measure of the disorder or randomness of a system

What is Enthalpy

This is the total heat content (H)

What conditions makes a process go foward?

If DeltaG is less than 0, the process goes which way?

What is gibbs free energy

This determines wether a reaction goes foward or backward

These things gain or release small amounts of energy in reversible reactions

What is the purpose of energy carriers

Hydrolysis-releasing phosphate, Hydrolysis-releasing pyrophosphate, Phosphorylation of an organic molecule

What are the three ways ATP can transfer energy to cell processes

An energy carrier carries two or three times as much energy as ATP; also donates/accepts electrons

What is Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH)

Another energy carrier like NADH

What is Flavine adenine dinucleotide (FAD)?

True

Enzymes help catabolism go foward by lowering activation, true or false?

True

Energy releasing metabolism must be coupled to useful cellular processes (True or false)

What are these processes used for? Glycolysis (EMP) pathway, Entner-Doudoroff (ED) pathway, Pentose phosphate pathway (PPP)

What are the three main routes used for catabolizing glucose to pyruvate

Glucose activated by phosphorylations that convert it to fructose-1,6 biphosphate, which is then cleaved into two 3-carbon-phosphate isomers

Describe the Glucose activation stage

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is converted to pyruvate, redox reactions produce 2 NADH, ATP produced by substrate level phosphorylation

Describe energy yielding stage

1 ATP, 1 NADH, 1 NADPH

What does the ED pathway produce

PP shunt froms 6-phosphogluconate, converted to ribulose-5-phosphate

Descibe PPP

0 ATP, 0 NADH, 2 NADPH

What are the products of PPP

What is substrate level Phosphorylation

This is the movement of phosphates that does not involve electron transport systems

What is Oxidative phosphorylation

This is the movement of phosphates that does involve electron transport chain

What is fermentation?

This is the complete catabolism without the Electron transport system and a terminal electron acceptor

What does the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) do?

Catalyzes the conversion pyruvate to acetyl-CoA

Slide 10-18 lecture 10

What are the objectives of any electron transport system

Efficiently convert energy from substrates supplied by energy carriers

Safely dispose of electrons extracted from food substrates without damaging cells

What is the proton motive force

This is the transfer of H+ through a proton pump that generates an electrochemical gradient of protons

What are the 3 functional components of a respiratory electron transport system

Initial substrate oxidoreductase 

A mobile elctron carrier (Quinone pool)

A terminal oxidase

What is the Chemiosmotic theory

When the proton motive force drives the conversion of ADP to ATP what is that called