America's History (Chapter 15)

Ten Percent Plan

Lincoln's plan that allowed a Southern state to form its own government afetr ten percent of its voters swore an oath of loyalty to the United States

Homestead Lockout

1892

Lockout of workers at the Homestead, Pennsylvania, steel mill after Andrew Carnegie refused to renew the union contract. union supporters attacked the guards hired to close them out and protect strikebreakers who had been employed by the mill but the National Guard Soon Suppressed this resistance and Homestead, like other steel plants, became a non-unior mill.

Homestead Act

Provided free land in the West to anyone willing to settle there and develop it. Encouraged westward migration.

Wade-Davis Bill

an 1864 plan for Reconstruction that denied the right to vote or hold office for anyone who had fought for the Confederacy...Lincoln refused to sign this bill thinking it was too harsh.

Morrill Act

passed by Congress in 1862, this law distributed millions of acres of western lands to state governments in order to fund state agricultural colleges.

Management Revolution

An internal management structure adopted by many large, complex corporations that distinguished top executives from those responsible for day to day operations and departmentalized operations by function.

Black Codes

Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War

Comstock Lode

Rich deposits of silver found in Nevada in 1859.

Vertical Intergration

A business model in which a corporation controlled all aspects of production from raw materials to packaged products. "Robber barons" or industrial innovators such as Gustavus Swift and Andrew Carnegie pioneered this business form at the end of the civil war.

Freedmen's Bureau

created by Congress to provide clothing, shelter, education, food, and medicine to former slaves (vetoed by Johnson and overrode by Congress)

Dawes Severalty Act

Bill that promised Indians tracts of land to farm in order to assimilate them into white culture. The bill was resisted, uneffective, and disastrous to Indian tribes

Horizontal intergration

A business concept invented in the late nineteenth century to pressure competitors and force rivals to merge their companies into a conglomerate. John D. Rockefeller of Standard Oil Pioneered this business model.

Trust

A small group of associates that hold stock from a group of combined firms managing them as a single entity. Trust quickly evolved into other centralized buisness forms, but progressive critics continue to refer to giant firms like united states steel and Standard oil as "trusts"

Civil Rights Act of 1866

A federal law that authorized federal action against segregation in public accommodations, public facilities, and employment. (vetoed by Johnson and overrode by Congress)

Battle of Little Big Horn

American cavalry under George Armstrong Custer attacked an encampment of Sioux, Arapaho, and Cheyenne Indians. Custer's force was annihilated, but the Native American military victory was short-lived.

Fourteenth Amendment

guarantees equal protection of the law and rights of citizenship to all people born or naturalized in the USA, including former slaves.

Ghost Dance movement

The last effort of Native Americans to resist US domination and drive whites from their ancestral lands, came through as a religious movement.

Deskilling

The elimination of skilled labor under a new system of mechanized manufacturing, in which workers completed discrete, small-scale tasks rather than crafting an entire product.

*Used to make employers pay less for workers and replace then easier.

Reconstruction Act of 1867

Act passed by Congress that abolished previous state governments and set up 5 temporary military districts run by Union generals.

Wounded Knee

1890 U.S. cavalry slaughter of Native Americans marketing the end of the Indian Wars on the Great Plain

mass production

Standardized parts

A phrase coined by Henry Ford, who helped to invent a system of mass production of goods based on assembly of standardized parts. this system accompanied the continued deskilling of industrial labor.

Fifteenth Amendment

guaranteed voting rights regardless of race or previous condition of servitude