20.6 | Endocrine, Cancer, Disease, Inflammation, Skin, Diet, and Poisoning/OD Medications

endocrine and nervous systems

systems responsible for the regulatory activities that maintain homeostasis

oxytocin, vasopressin

hormones of the posterior pituitary gland

uterine contraction, milk ejection

action of oxytocin

salt and water retention, ECF volume increase

action of vasopressin

thyroid-stimulating hormone, growth hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle-stimmulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, prolactin

hormones of the anterior pituitary gland

metabolic rate increase

thyroid-stimulating hormone action

increased use of stored fats, decreased glucose use

growth hormone action

stimulation of the adrenal cortex to release hormones

adrenocorticotropic hormone action

sperm production, stimulation of growth and development of ovarian follicles

follicle-stimulating hormone action

testosterone secretion in testes, ovulation, estrogen and progesterone secretion

luteinizing hormone action

breast development enhancement and milk production

prolactin action

increases metabolic rate

thyroid hormone action

increases calcium in ECF

parathyroid hormone action

insulin, glucagon

hormones of the pancreas

decreases blood glucose

insulin action

increases blood glucose

glucagon action

glucocorticoids

adrenal hormone

increases blood glucose, inflammation prevention

glucocorticoid action

hypoparathyroidism

thyroid condition leading to decreased levels of calcium and vitamin D

hyperparathyroidism

thyroid condition leading to high levels of calcium

hypothyroidism

decreased thyroid hormone production levels

hyperthyroidism

increased thyroid hormone production levels

thyrotoxicosis

a condition in which hyperthyroidism causes an increase in thyroid hormones

thyroid storm

severe form of thyrotoxicosis in which the manifestations of the disease increase to life-threatening proportions

goiters

enlargements of the thyroid gland

insufficient dietary iodine

goiters are typically caused by …

Graves' disease

most common cause of hyperthyroidism in the US

diabetes mellitus

most important disease involving the pancreas

insulin-dependent

type 1 diabetes is …

inadequate release of insulin from the pancreas

type 1 diabetes is caused by an …

non-insulin-dependent

type 2 diabetes is…

decreased responsiveness to insulin

type 2 diabetes is caused by …

gestational diabetes

a form of stress-induced diabetes in which a mother cannot effectively manage her BGL during pregnancy

insulin

increases cellular transport of glucose, potassium, and amino acids

glycogenolysis

glycogen breakdown into glucose

gluconeogenesis

synthesis of glucose from glycerol and amino acids

glucagon

increases both glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

insulin replacement therapy

main intervention for patients w/ type 1 diabetes

weight loss

main intervention for patients w/ type 2 diabetes

oral hypoglycemic agents

medicines used to stimulate insulin secretion from the pancreas

hyperglycemic agents

medicines used to increase BGL

D10W

a sugar solution given intravenously for acute hypoglycemia

prevention of ovulation

primary mechanism of action of oral contraceptives

oxytocics

medications that increase uterine contraction

oxytocin

rapid birth

tocolytics

medications that relax the uterus or inhibit uterine contraction

cryptorchidism

failure of one or both of the testes to descend during puberty

orchitis

testicular inflammation

orchidectomy

testicular removal

benign prostatic hyperplasia

enlarged prostate

relaxing vascular smooth muscle, increasing blood flow to the corpus cavernosum

erectile dysfunction medication works by …

dangerously decreased preload

a combination of ED medication and nitrates can result in a …

antineoplastic agents

medications used to treat cancer

chemotherapy

medical treatment that is largely a balancing act aimed at maximizing the kill rate of cancer cells while minimizing the death of normal tissue

rapid cell division and replication

characteristic that most cancer cells share

antibiotic

medicine used to either kill offending bacteria or so decrease its growth that the patient's immune system can effectively fight the infection

antifungal agent

medicine used to treat fungal infections

antiviral agents

medicine used to treat viral infections

uricosuric medications

medicines used to treat and prevent acute episodes of gout

gout

inflammatory disease caused by an altered metabolism of uric acid and marked by hyperuricemia

hyperuricemia

high levels of uric acid in the blood

pathogens

disease-causing organisms

immunity

ability to respond to pathogens

serum

solution containing whole antibodies for a specific pathogens

vaccine

contains a modified pathogen that does not actually cause disease but still stimulates the development of antibodies specific to it

immunosuppressants

medicines to suppress the immune system

immunomodulators

medicines to enhance the immune system

dermatologic medicines

medicines used to treat skin irritations

vitamins

organic compounds necessary for many different physiologic processes, including metabolism, growth, development, and tissue repair

diet

since the body cannot manufacture them, vitamins must be obtained from the ...

vitamins A, D, E, and K

fat-soluble vitamins stored in the liver

vitamin C and B complex vitamins

water-soluble vitamins that must be routinely ingested

iron

an essential mineral necessary for oxygen transport and several metabolic processes