Neural Bases Ch 1-2: Intro to Neurology & Navigation/Organization of the NS

CSD 4343 Exam 1 - Chapters 1-2 flashcards (definitions, SLP/audiology relevance, disorder classification, imaging techniques, anatomical orientation, organizational approaches)

What is neurology?

The study of the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the nervous system.

What is anatomy?

the study of structure

what is neuroanatomy?

the study of the structure of the nervous system.

What is physiology?

the study of function

what is neurophysiology?

the study of the function of the nervous system.

What is pathology?

the study of disease

what is neuropathology?

the study of diseases of the nervous system.

What does a neurosurgeon do?

Removes or repairs structures that are impairing the nervous system.

What does a neuroradiologist do?

Uses radiation therapy to treat tumors of the nervous system.

What does neuroembryology study?

Normal and pathological development of the nervous system.

Why do Speech-Language Pathologists (SLPs) and audiologists need neurological training? (name all 5)

1. It lets them speak the language of neurologists and communicate with them.

2. It helps them choose the right testing instruments based on the neurological injury.

3. Knowing neurological etiologies helps predict problems a patient is likely to have.

4. It helps document change and treatment efficacy.

5. Understanding neuroplasticity helps plan effective treatment.

Why do Speech-Language Pathologists (SLPs) and audiologists need neurological training? (Reason 5)

Understanding neuroplasticity helps plan effective treatment.

In the Medical model of disability, what do the terms impairment, disability, and handicap focus on?

The person.

In the Social model of disability, what do the terms function barriers, activity barriers, and participation barriers focus on?

A disabling society.

Under the World Health Organization's International Classification of Diseases, 10th edition (WHO ICD-10), what category do encephalitis and meningitis fall under?

Inflammatory diseases.

Under the World Health Organization's International Classification of Diseases, 10th edition (WHO ICD-10), what category does Huntington disease fall under?

Systematic Central Nervous System (CNS) atrophies.

Under the World Health Organization's International Classification of Diseases, 10th edition (WHO ICD-10), what category does Parkinson disease fall under?

Extrapyramidal disorders.

Under the World Health Organization's International Classification of Diseases, 10th edition (WHO ICD-10), what category does Alzheimer disease fall under?

Other degenerative diseases.

Under the World Health Organization's International Classification of Diseases, 10th edition (WHO ICD-10), what category does multiple sclerosis fall under?

Demyelinating Central Nervous System (CNS) diseases.

Under the World Health Organization's International Classification of Diseases, 10th edition (WHO ICD-10), what category does epilepsy fall under?

Episodic/paroxysmal disorders.

What classification category does Bell palsy fall under?

Nerve/nerve root/plexus disorders.

What classification category does Guillain-Barre syndrome fall under?

Polyneuropathies/Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) disorders.

What classification category does myasthenia gravis fall under?

Myoneural diseases.

What classification category does anoxia fall under?

Other Central Nervous System (CNS) disorders.

In the spectrum of belief about how the brain works, what does localization propose?

That specific mental functions live in specific, separate spots in the brain.

In the spectrum of belief about how the brain works, what does holism propose?

That mental functions arise from the brain acting as an integrated whole.

What is cardio-centrism?

The historical belief that mental life resides in the heart.

What is cerebro-centrism?

The belief that mental life resides in the brain.

What type of imaging technique is Computed Tomography (CT)?

Structural.

How does Computed Tomography (CT) work?

X-ray beams reflect off tissue, with bone reflecting the most.

What is a key advantage of Computed Tomography (CT)?

Cheap, fast, and accessible.

What is a key disadvantage of Computed Tomography (CT)?

Uses radiation; shows structure only; poor soft-tissue detail.

How does Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) work?

A magnetic field flips water-molecule protons to create a 3D image.

What is a key advantage of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)?

Detailed images with no radiation.

What is a key disadvantage of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)?

Expensive; cannot be used with metal in the body; patient must stay still.

How does Angiography work?

Iodine is injected and X-ray images the vascular system.

What is a key advantage of Angiography?

Excellent vascular detail; diagnosis and treatment can happen in the same session.

What is a key disadvantage of Angiography?

Invasive, with bleeding/clotting risk and radiation exposure.

What type of imaging technique is Positron Emission Tomography (PET)?

Functional.

How does Positron Emission Tomography (PET) work?

A radioisotope tracks glucose metabolism.

What is a key advantage of Positron Emission Tomography (PET)?

Shows where brain activity is happening.

What is a key disadvantage of Positron Emission Tomography (PET)?

Requires an invasive injection, is radioactive, and is expensive.

What type of imaging technique is Electroencephalography/Magnetoencephalography (EEG/MEG)?

Functional.

How does Electroencephalography/Magnetoencephalography (EEG/MEG) work?

Detects electrical responses to a stimulus.

What is a key advantage of Electroencephalography/Magnetoencephalography (EEG/MEG)?

Cheap, accessible, and has good timing information.

What is a key disadvantage of Electroencephalography/Magnetoencephalography (EEG/MEG)?

Provides no real image of structure.

What type of imaging technique is functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)?

Both structural and functional.

How does functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) work?

Tracks blood oxygenation during a stimulus.

What is a key advantage of functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)?

Shows structure and function; safe, with no contrast needed.

What is a key disadvantage of functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)?

Expensive and not widespread.

Among functional imaging techniques, rank functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), Positron Emission Tomography (PET), and Electroencephalography/Magnetoencephalography (EEG/MEG) from best to worst spatial resolution.

functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) > Positron Emission Tomography (PET) > Electroencephalography/Magnetoencephalography (EEG/MEG).

Among functional imaging techniques, rank functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), Positron Emission Tomography (PET), and Electroencephalography/Magnetoencephalography (EEG/MEG) from best to worst temporal resolution.

Electroencephalography/Magnetoencephalography (EEG/MEG) > functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) > Positron Emission Tomography (PET).

What is the anatomical position?

Body erect, arms forward, palms out, face forward.

What does the sagittal (lateral) plane do?

Splits the body into left and right, like cutting an apple.

how does the coronal (frontal) plane split the body?

into front and back, like slicing bread.

What does the transverse (horizontal) plane do?

Splits the body into top and bottom, like hamburger layers.

What is a parasagittal cut?

An off-center sagittal-style cut.

In anatomical (top-down) view of the brain, which side is left and which is right?

Left is left and right is right.

In clinical orientation, as used to read an actual Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) or Computed Tomography (CT) slice, which side is left and which is right?

The image is flipped: left is shown as right, and right is shown as left.

What does superior/cranial mean?

high position

What does inferior/caudal mean?

low position

What do anterior/ventral mean?

toward the stomach

What does posterior/dorsal mean?

toward the back.

What doees di mean?

towards the body’s midline

What doees medial mean?

toward the midline

What do proximal mean?

nearest a limb's attachment

What does distal mean?

farthest from it the attachment of the limbs

What does peripheral mean?

toward the outer surface

What does central mean?

toward the center

What does ipsilateral mean?

same side

What does contralateral mean?

opposite side

Where do most neural pathways decussate (cross), and what does this mean for body control?

At the pons; as a result, the left side of the body is controlled by the right brain.

What does supine mean?

ventral surface up (palms toward the ceiling)

What does pronate mean?

ventral surface down (palms toward the floor).

In the body, what does dorsal typically mean?

Posterior, or the back.

In brain terminology specifically, what can caudal mean?

Either posterior or inferior, depending on context, because of how the neural tube bends during development.

In brain terminology specifically, what can dorsal mean?

superior/top portion of the brain

What is the rostral end of the brain?

The front of brain

What is the caudal end of the brain?

The back of brain

What does abduct mean?

Moving structures apart.

What does adduct mean?

Bringing structures together.

What does flexion mean?

Bending a joint.

What does extension mean?

Straightening a joint.

Do the vocal folds abduct or adduct during breathing?

They abduct (move apart).

Do the vocal folds abduct or adduct during phonation?

They adduct (come together).

What structures make up the Central Nervous System (CNS)?

The brain and spinal cord.

What structures make up the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?

Cranial and spinal nerves, which connect the Central Nervous System (CNS) to the limbs.

What does the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) contain?

Ganglia, axons, dendrites, nerves, and sensory systems.

In the Functional approach, what are two examples of voluntary nervous system activity?

Walking and raising a hand.

In the Functional approach, what are three examples of involuntary nervous system activity?

Blinking, digestion, and breathing.

where do efferent signals move? are they motor or sensory?

away from the brain; motor (voluntary)

**('emigrate' - think exit)

where do afferent signals move? are they motor or sensory?

to the brain; sensory.

What does the Sensory system carry to the brain?

The five senses and proprioception (hearing, vision, equilibrium, etc.).

What are the two branches of the Sensory system?

Somatosensory and Visceral sensory.

Which branch of the Sensory system is tied to the parasympathetic, 'rest and digest' function?

Visceral sensory.

What does the Motor system control?

Efferent, voluntary muscle movement.

What are the two branches of the Motor system?

The Autonomic Nervous System and the Somatic Nervous System.

Which branch of the Motor system is a brainstem function that controls breathing and heart rate?

The Autonomic Nervous System.

What are the three primary vesicles of the Central Nervous System (CNS)?

Prosencephalon (forebrain), Mesencephalon (midbrain), and Rhombencephalon (hindbrain).